The value of endo rectal ultrasound

In the last twenty years, endorectal ultrasound (ERUS) has become the primary method for locoregional staging of rectal cancer. ERUS is the most accurate modality for assessing local depth of invasion of rectal carcinoma into the rectal wall layers (T stage). Lower accuracy for T2 tumors is commonly reported, which could lead to sonographic overstaging of T3 tumors following preoperative therapy. Unfortunately, ERUS is not as good for predicting nodal metastases as it is for tumor depth, which could be related to the unclear definition of nodal metastases. The use of multiple criteria might improve accuracy. Failure to evaluate nodal statuscould lead to inadequate surgical resection. ERUS can accurately distinguish early cancers from advanced ones, with a high detection rate of residual carcinoma in the rectal wall. ERUS is also useful for detection of local recurrence at the anastomosis site, which might require fine-needle aspiration of the tissue. Overstaging is more frequent than understaging, mostly due to inflammatory changes. Limitations of ERUS are operator and experience dependency, limited tolerance of patients, and limited range of depth of the transducer. The ERUS technique requires a learning curve for orientation and identification of images and planes. With sufficient time and effort, quality and accuracy of the ERUS procedure could be improved

An assembly of nuclear bodies associates with the active VSG expression site in African trypanosomes

A Variant Surface Glycoprotein (VSG) coat protects bloodstream form Trypanosoma brucei. Prodigious amounts of VSG mRNA (~7-10% total) are generated from a single RNA polymerase I (Pol I) transcribed VSG expression site (ES), necessitating extremely high levels of localised splicing. We show that splicing is required for processive ES transcription, and describe novel ES-associated T. brucei nuclear bodies. In bloodstream form trypanosomes, the expression site body (ESB), spliced leader array body (SLAB), NUFIP body and Cajal bodies all frequently associate with the active ES. This assembly of nuclear bodies appears to facilitate the extraordinarily high levels of transcription and splicing at the active ES. In procyclic form trypanosomes, the NUFIP body and SLAB do not appear to interact with the Pol I transcribed procyclin locus. The congregation of a restricted number of nuclear bodies at a single active ES, provides an attractive mechanism for how monoallelic ES transcription is mediated

Value the FDG-PET/CT on the management of colorectal cancer patients

INTRODUCTION: In patients with colorectal cancer (CRC), preoperative evaluation and staging should focus on techniques that might alter the preoperative or intraoperative surgical plan. Conventional imaging methods (CT, MRI) have low accuracy for identifying the depth of tumour infiltration and have limited ability to detect regional lymph node involvement. The aim of this study was to evaluate the utility of FDG-PET in the initial staging of patients with CC in comparison with conventional staging methods and to determine its impact on therapeutic management.METHODS: In First Clinic of Surgery at University Hospital `St. Marina` one hundred and four patients with a diagnosis of CRC (53 males and 51 females; mean age 66.76± 12.36 years), selected prospectively. All patients were studied for staging using a standard procedure (CT) andFDG-PET. The reference method was histology. The effect of FDG-PET on diagnoses and the operative treatment was studied.RESULTS: In 14 patients, surgery was contraindicated by FDG-PET owing to the extent of disease (only 6/14 suspected by CT). FDG-PET revealed four synchronous tumours. For N staging, both procedures showed a relatively high specificity but a low diagnostic accuracy (PET 56%, CT 60%) and sensitivity (PET 21%, CT 25%). For M assessment, diagnostic accuracy was 92% for FDGPET and 87% for CT. FDG-PET results led to modification of the therapy approach in 17.85% of the patients with rectal cancer and in 14.8% of the patients with colon cancer.CONCLUSION: Compared with conventional techniques, FDGPET appears to be useful in pre-surgical staging of CC, revealing unsuspected disease and impacting on the treatment approach

The value of endo rectal ultrasound

In the last twenty years, endo rectal ultra sound (ERUS) has become the primary method for loco regional staging of rectal cancer. ERUS is the most ac cu rate modality for as sessing local depth of invasion of rectal carcinoma into the rectal wall layers (T stage). Lower ac cu racy for T2 tumors is commonly reported, which could lead to sonography overstating of T3 tumors following pre-operative therapy. Unfortunately, ERUS is not as good for predicting nodal metastases as it is for tumor depth, which could be related to the unclear definition of nodal metastases. The use of multiple criteria might improve accuracy. Failure to evaluate nodal status could lead to in ad equate surgical resection. ERUS can accurately distinguish early cancers from advanced ones, with a high detection rate of residual carcinoma in the rectal wall. ERUS is also useful for detection of local recurrence at the anastomos is site, which might re quire fine-needle aspiration of the tissue. Overstating is more frequent than understaging, mostly due to in flam ma tory changes. Limitations of ERUS are operator and experience dependency, limited tolerance of patients, and limited range of depth of the transducer. The ERUS technique re quires a learning curve for orientation and identification of images and planes. With sufficient time and effort, quality and ac cu racy of the ERUS procedure could be improved

Intraoperative ultrasound of the liver

RESUME: Intraoperative ultrasound has become an essential tool for the surgeon in the field of hepatobiliary surgery. No preoperative study has been able to duplicate the sensitivity and specificity of intraoperative ultrasound (IOUS) in the identification of occult lesions. With recent improvements in technology, IOUS has now become an indispensable means of defining the extent of disease and respectability, and providing a guide to an atomic and non-anatomic hepatic resections and minimally invasive and percutaneous ablative techniques. The contrast-enhanced intraoperative ultrasound (CE-IOUS) makes IOUS more accurate, thus enhancing the impact of this technique on operative decision-making for liver tumors. The concept of intraoperative ultrasound (IOUS) was first introduced in the mid-1960s and was used primarily in evaluating choledocholithiasis. More advanced applications were not pursued until the early 1980s, secondary to the limitations of ultrasound technology, which involved large bulky transducers and a relatively poor image quality [1]. Presently, IOUS is a main stay in all oncologic hepatobiliary procedures. Despite all of these technical advances, preoperative detection of preoperative liver lesions remains 60% to 80%. As a reflection of these shortcomings, false negative rates with CT and MRI range from 40% to 70% Table 1 summarizes these findings, the significance of which are demonstrated by several groups citing that in 27% to 49% of cases the operative plan will be changed based on new IOUS findings. These conclusions hold true even in the modern era of advanced preoperative staging. As a result, IOUS has now become a standard part of almost all hepatobiliary cases

Laser sounding of instantaneous and mean speed of wind using correlation method

The correlation methods for laser sounding of wind speed are based on mutual processing of lidar signals scattered from several spatially separated volumes at each altitude investigated. The time of atmospheric aerosol transport between the scattering volumes estimated by the position of maximum of the mutual correlation function is the measure of corresponding wind speed. In this case the distance between the scattering volumes (the measuring base), defining the time of aerosol movement through the measuring base also determines the lidar possibilities for measuring the instantaneous (during the time interval of several seconds) or the mean wind speed (some minutes). Based on the experimental investigations performed using two lidars, these possibilites are analyzed

Parallel Unsmoothed Aggregation Algebraic Multigrid Algorithms on GPUs

We design and implement a parallel algebraic multigrid method for isotropic graph Laplacian problems on multicore Graphical Processing Units (GPUs). The proposed AMG method is based on the aggregation framework. The setup phase of the algorithm uses a parallel maximal independent set algorithm in forming aggregates and the resulting coarse level hierarchy is then used in a K-cycle iteration solve phase with a $\ell^1$-Jacobi smoother. Numerical tests of a parallel implementation of the method for graphics processors are presented to demonstrate its effectiveness.Comment: 18 pages, 3 figure

Diltiazem-loaded Eudragit RS 100 microparticles for drug delivery: the challenge of viscosity

Strongly shape-dependent viscosity has been found in drug loaded and `empty` polymeric microspheres (drug delivery systems) made of pharmacopoeial Eudragit RS 100 representative. The dramatically increased viscosity of a layer of spherical particles deposited on the gold electrode surface of quartz resonators from water suspension leads to a large dynamic resistance and inability to sustain stable oscillations in a frequency measuring circuit. The viscosity is also affected by loading the polymer matrix with Diltiazem. Its adverse impact is removed by exposing the deposed layer to acetone vapor leading to `dissolving` the investigated spheres and changing their shape to a thin layered one