Accountability in the Context of Disaster Risk Governance

Se analizó el comportamiento de los herbicidas bromoxinil éster octanoico, 363 g. ia/ha; 2,4-D éster butílico, 200g. i.a./ha + piclorám sal potásica, 28,08g. i.a./ha; 2,4- O éster butílico, 200 g. i.a./ha + dicamba sal dimetil amina, 57,71 g. La.Iba; dicamba saldimetil amina, 57,71 g. i.a./ha + metsulfurón metil, 4,02 g. i.a./ha + 0,2% de humectante; terbutrina, 210g i.a./ha + triasulfurón, 7 g i.a.lba + 0,2% de humectante; metsulfurón metil, 6 g i.a./ha + 0,2% de humectante; y dicamba sal dimetil amina, 57,71 g. i.a./ha + MCPA sal sódica, 336 g i.a./ha, sobre trigo (Triticum aestivum L:) cv Buck Pucará, aplicados en dos estadios; hinchazón del primordio de espiguillas en la porción central del embrión de la espiga (Nerson 4) y 2 días después de alcanzado el estado de espiguilla terminal diferenciada (Nerson 9). Las malezas no provocaron pérdidas de rendimiento en el cultivo, ni afectaron los componentes de rendimiento. El rendimiento del cultivo disminuyó significativamente con aplicaciones de cualquiera de los herbicidas en el segundo estadio; el componente de rendimiento más afectado fue granos por espigas. Con las mezclas que incluyeron herbicidas hormonales la fitotoxicidad fué mayor. Director: Ing. Agr. Fernando D. García. Profesor Asociado de Cátedra de Terapéutica vegetal

Noise exposure is increased with neonatal helmet CPAP in comparison with conventional nasal CPAP

Background: In adults, noninvasive ventilation via a helmet is associated with significantly greater noise than nasal and facial masks. We hypothesized that noise exposure could be increased with neonatal helmet continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in comparison with conventional nasal CPAP (nCPAP). Our primary objective was to compare the noise intensity produced by a neonatal helmet CPAP and a conventional nCPAP system. Furthermore, we aimed to evaluate the effect of the gas flow rate and the presence of the humidifier and the filter on noise levels during neonatal helmet CPAP treatment. Methods: In this bench study, noise intensity was measured in the following settings: helmet CPAP, nCPAP, incubator and the neonatal intensive care unit. In helmet CPAP, noise measurements were performed at different gas flow rates (8, 10 and 12 l/min), while in nCPAP, the flow rate was 8 l/min. For both CPAP systems, the level of pressure was maintained constant at 5 cmH2O. Results: During neonatal helmet CPAP, the median (interquartile range) noise levels were significantly higher than those during nCPAP: 70.0 dB (69.9-70.4) vs. 62.7 dB (62.5-63.0); P<0.001. In the helmet CPAP, the noise intensities changed with increasing flow rate and with the presence of a humidifier or a filter. Conclusions: Noise intensities generated by the neonatal helmet CPAP were significantly higher than those registered while using a conventional nCPAP system. In the helmet, the noise intensity depends on the gas flow rate, and the presence of a humidifier and a filter in the system. \ua9 2010 The Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica Foundation

The Antioxidant Effect of Exercise: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Physical activity has been associated with reduced oxidative stress (OS) in observational studies and clinical trials. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials was to determine the effect of physical exercise on OS parameters. We conducted a systematic review of the literature up to March 2016 that included the following databases: PubMed, SCOPUS, and Web of Science. A keyword combination referring to exercise training and OS was included as part of a more thorough search process. We also manually searched the reference lists of the articles. From an initial 1573 references, we included 30 controlled trials (1346 participants) in the qualitative analysis, 19 of which were included in the meta-analysis. All trials were conducted in humans and had at least one exercise intervention and a paired control group. Using a standardized protocol, two investigators independently abstracted data on study design, sample size, participant characteristics, intervention, follow-up duration, outcomes, and quantitative data for the meta-analysis. Thus, the investigators independently assigned quality scores with a methodological quality assessment (MQA). The agreement level between the reviewers was 85.3 %. Discrepancies were solved in a consensus meeting. The MQA showed a total score in the quality index between 40 and 90 % and a mean quality of 55 %. Further, in a random-effects model, data from each trial were pooled and weighted by the inverse of the total variance. Physical training was associated with a significant reduction in pro-oxidant parameters (standard mean difference [SMD] -1.08; 95 % confidence interval [CI] -1.57 to -0.58; p < 0.001) and an increase in antioxidant capacity (SMD 1.45; 95 % CI 0.83-2.06; p < 0.001). The pooled analysis revealed that regardless of intensity, volume, type of exercise, and studied population, the antioxidant indicators tended to increase and pro-oxidant indicators tended to decrease after training. Therefore, we conclude that exercise training seems to induce an antioxidant effect. Thus, it is suggested that people practice some kind of exercise to balance the redox state, regardless of their health status, to improve health-related outcomes