Management and Clinical Outcome of Penetrating Keratoplasty for Long-Term Corneal Changes in Sympathetic Ophthalmia

Purpose. To report the visual outcome of penetrating keratoplasty performed on the sympathizing eye in three cases of sympathetic ophthalmitis. Methods. Interventional case series of three patients, diagnosed with sympathetic ophthalmitis, with corneal changes in the form of band keratopathy and decompensation underwent penetrating keratoplasty to the sympathizing eye. They had each sustained penetrating trauma as a child and had undergone previous cataract surgery and superficial keratectomy. Two patients had undergone lamellar keratoplasty prior to this procedure. One patient had undergone trabeculectomy for glaucoma, and she was on antiglaucoma medication. The preoperative visual acuity was 1/60 in the affected eye of each patient. Penetrating keratoplasty was performed in the sympathizing eye and the donor graft size was 7.50 mm, and the host graft size was 7.25 mm. Our patients were immunosuppressed prior to the procedure to help prevent graft rejection. Result. At one year follow-up, a BCVA of 6/36 or better was achieved in all three patients. Postoperative examination of the fundus showed peripheral chorioretinal atrophy with pigmentary changes at the macula, accounting for the limited vision. The grafts remain clear to date, and there has been no recurrence of uveitis or rejection. Conclusion. Penetrating keratoplasty can be considered as a surgical option to restore useful vision in a stable sympathizing eye in sympathetic ophthalmitis, and this depends on the extent of the pathology. However, these cases require treatment with immunosuppressives to prevent graft rejection and to prolong graft survival

Polimerne mješavine obložene Eudragitom: Potencijalni sustav za kontroliranu peroralnu isporuku teofilina

Sustained release (SR) dosage forms enable prolonged and continuous deposition of the drug in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and improve the bioavailability of medications characterized by a narrow absorption window. In this study, a new strategy is proposed for the development of SR dosage forms for theophylline (TPH). Design of the delivery system was based on a sustained release formulation, with a modified coating technique and swelling features aimed to extend the release time of the drug. Different polymers, such as Carbopol 71G (CP), sodium carboxymethylcellulose (SCMC), ethylcellulose (EC) and their combinations were tried. Prepared matrix tablets were coated with a 5 % (m/m) dispersion of Eudragit (EUD) in order to get the desired sustained release profile over a period of 24 h. Various formulations were evaluated for drug concentration and in vitro drug release. It was found that the in vitro drug release rate decreased with increasing the amount of polymer. Coating with EUD resulted in a significant lag phase in the first two hours of dissolution in the acidic pH of simulated gastric fluid (SGF) due to decreased water uptake, and hence decreased driving force for drug release. Release became faster in the alkaline pH of simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) owing to increased solubility of both the coating and matrixing agents. The optimized formulation was subjected to in vivo studies in rabbits and the pharmacokinetic parameters of developed formulations were compared with the commercial (Asmanyl®) formulation. Asmanyl® tablets showed faster absorption (tmax 4.0 h) compared to the TPH formulation, showing a tmax value of 8.0 h. The cmax and AUC values of TPH formulation were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than those for Asmanyl®, revealing relative bioavailability of about 136.93 %. Our study demonstrated the potential usefulness of eudraginated polymers for the oral delivery of the sparingly soluble drug theophylline.Pripravci za produljeno oslobađanje (SR) omogućavaju produljeno i kontinuirano oslobađanje lijeka u gastrointestinalnom (GI) traktu i poboljšavaju bioraspoloživost lijekova s uskim apsorpcijskim prozorom. U radu se predlaže nova strategija za razvoj formulacija s produljenim oslobađanjem teofilina (TPH), koja se temelji na sustavu za produljeno oslobađanje, kojem je u svrhu produljenja vremena oslobađanja modificiran način oblaganja i bubrenja. Korišteni su različiti polimeri, kao što su Carbopol 71G (CP), natrijeva karboksimetilceluloza (SCMC), etilceluloza (EC) i njihove kombinacije. Pripravljene matriks tablete obložene su 5-postotnom (m/m) disperzijom Eudragita (EUD) kako bi se postiglo produljeno oslobađanje tijekom 24 h. U pripravljenim formulacijama određena je koncentracija lijeka i in vitro oslobađanje. Rezultati pokazuju da se povećanjem udjela polimera smanjuje brzina oslobađanja in vitro. Oblaganje s EUD značajno je produljilo lag fazu tijekom prva 2 sata otapanja u kiselom pH simuliranog želučanog soka (SGF). Naime, oblaganje usporava ulazak vode i tako smanjuje pogonsku silu za oslobađanje lijeka. Zbog povećane topljivosti obložnog sloja i matriksa u lužnatom mediju, oslobađanje u simuliranoj intestinalnoj tekućini (SIF) je brže. Optimizirana formulacija ispitana je in vivo na zečevima. Farmakokinetički parametri novih formulacija uspoređivani su s komercijalnim pripravkom Asmanyl®. Asmanyl® tablete pokazuju bržu apsorpciju (tmax 4,0 h) u odnosu na TPH formulaciju (tmax 8,0 h). cmax i AUC vrijednosti TPH formulacije bile su značajno (p < 0,05) više od onih za Asmanyl®, što ukazuje na relativnu bioraspoloživost od oko 136,93 %. Stoga smatramo da su polimeri obloženi eudragitom potencijalno korisni za oralnu upotrebu teško topljivog lijeka teofilina

Učinak topljivosti na kinetiku oslobađanja vodotopljivih i vodonetopljivih lijekova iz matriksnog sustava na bazi HPMC

The purpose of the present research work was to observe the effects of drug solubility on the release kinetics of water soluble verapamil hydrochloride and insoluble aceclofenac from polymer based matrix formulations. Matrix formulations were prepared by the direct compression method. The formulations were evaluated for various physical parameters. Along with the dynamics of water uptake and erosion, SEM and in vitro drug release of tablets were studied. Applying an exponential equation, it was found that the kinetics of soluble drug release followed anomalous non-Fickian diffusion transport whereas insoluble drug showed zero-order release. SEM study showed pore formation on the tablet surface that differed depending on drug solubility. t-Test pointed to a significant difference in the amount of both drugs released due to their difference in solubility. Solubility of the drug affects the kinetics and the mechanism of drug release.Cilj rada bio je praćenje učinka topljivosti na kinetiku oslobađanja vodotopljivog verapamil hidroklorida i netopljivog lijeka aceklofenaka iz matriksnih sustava na bazi hidrofilnog polimera. Matriksni sustavi pripravljeni su izravnom metodom kompresije. Uz ispitivanje uobičajenih fizikalnih svojstava, ispitivana je i dinamika primanja vode, te erozija, SEM i in vitro oslobađanje ljekovite tvari iz tableta. Primjenom eksponencijalne jednadžbe utvrđeno je da mehanizam oslobađanja topljivih lijekova slijedi anomalni ne-Fickov difuzijski transport, dok netopljivi lijekovi slijede kinetiku nultog reda. SEM ispitivanja pokazala su pore na površini matriksa ovisne o topljivosti ljekovite tvari. T-test ukazuje da količina oslobođenog lijeka značajno ovisi o njegovoj topljivosti. Topljivost lijeka ima značajan učinak na kinetiku i mehanizam oslobađanja

Distribución y abundancia de larvas de mosquitos en Ohafia, estado de Abia, Nigeria

Quite a number of diseases are transmitted by mosquitoes. The abundance and distribution of mosquito vectors are related to the characteristics of larval habitats. A survey of the distribution and abundance of mosquito larvae was carried out at Nkporo and Abiriba Communities of Ohafia, Abia State, Nigeria. It was carried out during the dry and wet seasons from November 2014 to June 2015. The mosquito larvae were collected using dipper and pipette method from five mosquito habitats namely ground pools (58), household containers (213), domestic run-offs (49), gutters (55) and tree holes/leaf axils (43). A total of 2 641 mosquito larvae belonging to three genera and five species were collected. These were; Culex quinquesfaciatus (40%),Aedes aegypti (22%), Aedes albopictus (17%), Anopheles gambiae (14%), and Anopheles funestus (2%), Household containers had the highest number of larvae (60 %), while tree holes/leaf axils had the least (6%). From Nkporo, 53% of the larvae were collected while 47% was from Abiriba community. Anopheles funestus was recorded only in Nkporo community.  However, the abundance of mosquito larvae sampled from the different habitats in the two communities were significantly different (X2 = 166,692, df = 16, P&lt;0,05) from each other. There were also significant differences in the seasonal distribution of mosquito larvae in both dry (X2 = 56,865, df = 12, P&lt;0,05) and wet (X2 = 22,241, df = 12, P&lt;0,05) seasons in Nkporo community and dry (X2=31,776, df = 12, P&lt;0,05) season in Abiriba community. These findings are useful in knowledge expansion on the vector ecology with particular interest on the type of habitat preference, this will be helpful in larval control programs.Una gran cantidad de enfermedades son transmitidas por mosquitos. La abundancia y distribución de mosquitos vectores están relacionadas con las características de los hábitats larvarios. Se realizó un estudio de la distribución y abundancia de larvas de mosquitos en las comunidades de Nkporo y Abiriba, Ohafia, estado de Abia, Nigeria. Se llevó a cabo durante las estaciones seca y húmeda de noviembre de 2014 a junio de 2015. Las larvas de mosquitos se recolectaron utilizando el método de cucharón y pipeta de cinco hábitats de mosquitos, a saber: piscinas molidas (58), contenedores domésticos (213), escorrentías domésticas (49), canales (55) y agujeros de árboles / axilas de hojas (43). Se recolectó un total de 2 641 larvas de mosquito pertenecientes a tres géneros y cinco especies. Éstas eran; Culex quinquesfaciatus (40%), Aedes aegypti (22%), Aedes albopictus (17%), Anopheles gambiae (14%) y Anopheles funestus (2%). Los contenedores domésticos presentaron el mayor número de larvas (60%), mientras que los agujeros de los árboles / axilas de las hojas fueron los que menos (6%). De Nkporo, el 53% de las larvas fueron recolectadas, mientras que el 47% fue de la comunidad de Abiriba. Anopheles funestus solo se registró en la comunidad de Nkporo. Sin embargo, la abundancia de larvas de mosquitos muestreados de los diferentes hábitats en las dos comunidades fue significativamente diferente (X2 = 166,692, df = 16, P&lt;0,05) entre sí. También hubo diferencias significativas en la distribución estacional de las larvas de mosquitos en las estaciones tanto secas (X2 = 56,865, df = 12, P&lt;0,05) como húmedas (X2 = 22,241, df = 12, P&lt;0,05) en la comunidad de Nkporo y secas (X2=31,776, df = 12, P&lt;0,05) en la comunidad de Abiriba. Estos hallazgos son útiles en la expansión del conocimiento sobre la ecología vectorial con especial interés en el tipo de preferencia de hábitat, esto será útil en los programas de control de larvas

CCDC 2012502: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

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CCDC 2065533: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

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CCDC 2012503: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

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