Гематомы после выполнения подтяжки лица: патогенез, классификация, профилактика

Цель. Изучить патогенез и создать классификацию подлоскутных гематом, сравнить частоту их образования после выполнения напряженного парамедиального лицевого лифтинга и типичной SMAS-пластики, разработать методы профилактики. Материалы и методы. В исследовании приняли участие 300 пациентов, которым выполнена подтяжка лица. Контрольную группу составили 150 пациентов, которым выполнили напряженный парамедиальный SMAS-лифтинг, исследуемую группу - 150 пациентов, которым выполнили типичную SMAS-пластику. Результаты. В контрольной группе генерализованные гематомы возникли у 12 (8%) пациентов. В исследуемой группе генерализованных гематом не наблюдали. В контрольной группе локализованные гематомы возникли у 30 (20%) пациентов, из них у 12 - в области боковой поверхности щеки, у 13 - в заушном, у 5 - в височном пространстве. В исследуемой группе локализованные гематомы возникли у 9 (6%) пациентов в ретроаурикулярной зоне. Выводы. В результате проведенного исследования установлено, что методика напряженного парамедиального SMAS-лифтинга наряду с достаточными возможностями репозиционирования покровных структур лица, значительно минимизирует скопление свободной крови под тканевыми лоскутами и исключает развитие грозного осложнения - генерализованных гематом

Phospholipase A2-activating protein is associated with a novel form of leukoencephalopathy

Leukoencephalopathies are a group of white matter disorders related to abnormal formation, maintenance, and turnover of myelin in the central nervous system. These disorders of the brain are categorized according to neuroradiological and pathophysiological criteria. Herein, we have identified a unique form of leukoencephalopathy in seven patients presenting at ages 2 to 4 months with progressive microcephaly, spastic quadriparesis, and global developmental delay. Clinical, metabolic, and imaging characterization of seven patients followed by homozygosity mapping and linkage analysis were performed. Next generation sequencing, bioinformatics, and segregation analyses followed, to determine a loss of function sequence variation in the phospholipase A2-activating protein encoding gene (PLAA). Expression and functional studies of the encoded protein were performed and included measurement of prostaglandin E2 and cytosolic phospholipase A2 activity in membrane fractions of fibroblasts derived from patients and healthy controls. Plaa-null mice were generated and prostaglandin E2 levels were measured in different tissues. The novel phenotype of our patients segregated with a homozygous loss-of-function sequence variant, causing the substitution of leucine at position 752 to phenylalanine, in PLAA, which causes disruption of the protein's ability to induce prostaglandin E2 and cytosolic phospholipase A2 synthesis in patients' fibroblasts. Plaa-null mice were perinatal lethal with reduced brain levels of prostaglandin E2 The non-functional phospholipase A2-activating protein and the associated neurological phenotype, reported herein for the first time, join other complex phospholipid defects that cause leukoencephalopathies in humans, emphasizing the importance of this axis in white matter development and maintenance

Zebrafish Kidney Phagocytes Utilize Macropinocytosis and Ca2+-Dependent Endocytic Mechanisms

Background: The innate immune response constitutes the first line of defense against invading pathogens and consists of a variety of immune defense mechanisms including active endocytosis by macrophages and granulocytes. Endocytosis can be used as a reliable measure of selective and non-selective mechanisms of antigen uptake in the early phase of an immune response. Numerous assays have been developed to measure this response in a variety of mammalian and fish species. The small size of the zebrafish has prevented the large-scale collection of monocytes/macrophages and granulocytes for these endocytic assays. Methodology/Principal Findings: Pooled zebrafish kidney hematopoietic tissues were used as a source of phagocytic cells for flow-cytometry based endocytic assays. FITC-Dextran, Lucifer Yellow and FITC-Edwardsiella ictaluri were used to evaluate selective and non-selective mechanisms of uptake in zebrafish phagocytes. Conclusions/Significance: Zebrafish kidney phagocytes characterized as monocytes/macrophages, neutrophils and lymphocytes utilize macropinocytosis and Ca 2+-dependant endocytosis mechanisms of antigen uptake. These cells do not appear to utilize a mannose receptor. Heat-killed Edwardsiella ictaluri induces cytoskeletal interactions for internalization in zebrafish kidney monocytes/macrophages and granulocytes. The proposed method is easy to implement and should prove especially useful in immunological, toxicological and epidemiological research

Partial inhibition and bilevel optimization in flux balance analysis

Motivation: Within Flux Balance Analysis, the investigation of complex subtasks, such as finding the optimal perturbation of the network or finding an optimal combination of drugs, often requires to set up a bilevel optimization problem. In order to keep the linearity and convexity of these nested optimization problems, an ON/OFF description of the effect of the perturbation (i.e. Boolean variable) is normally used. This restriction may not be realistic when one wants, for instance, to describe the partial inhibition of a reaction induced by a drug.Results: In this paper we present a formulation of the bilevel optimization which overcomes the oversimplified ON/OFF modeling while preserving the linear nature of the problem. A case study is considered: the search of the best multi-drug treatment which modulates an objective reaction and has the minimal perturbation on the whole network. The drug inhibition is described and modulated through a convex combination of a fixed number of Boolean variables. The results obtained from the application of the algorithm to the core metabolism of E.coli highlight the possibility of finding a broader spectrum of drug combinations compared to a simple ON/OFF modeling.Conclusions: The method we have presented is capable of treating partial inhibition inside a bilevel optimization, without loosing the linearity property, and with reasonable computational performances also on large metabolic networks. The more fine-graded representation of the perturbation allows to enlarge the repertoire of synergistic combination of drugs for tasks such as selective perturbation of cellular metabolism. This may encourage the use of the approach also for other cases in which a more realistic modeling is required. \ua9 2013 Facchetti and Altafini; licensee BioMed Central Ltd

Integrating Flux Balance Analysis into Kinetic Models to Decipher the Dynamic Metabolism of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1

Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 sequentially utilizes lactate and its waste products (pyruvate and acetate) during batch culture. To decipher MR-1 metabolism, we integrated genome-scale flux balance analysis (FBA) into a multiple-substrate Monod model to perform the dynamic flux balance analysis (dFBA). The dFBA employed a static optimization approach (SOA) by dividing the batch time into small intervals (i.e., ∼400 mini-FBAs), then the Monod model provided time-dependent inflow/outflow fluxes to constrain the mini-FBAs to profile the pseudo-steady-state fluxes in each time interval. The mini-FBAs used a dual-objective function (a weighted combination of “maximizing growth rate” and “minimizing overall flux”) to capture trade-offs between optimal growth and minimal enzyme usage. By fitting the experimental data, a bi-level optimization of dFBA revealed that the optimal weight in the dual-objective function was time-dependent: the objective function was constant in the early growth stage, while the functional weight of minimal enzyme usage increased significantly when lactate became scarce. The dFBA profiled biologically meaningful dynamic MR-1 metabolisms: 1. the oxidative TCA cycle fluxes increased initially and then decreased in the late growth stage; 2. fluxes in the pentose phosphate pathway and gluconeogenesis were stable in the exponential growth period; and 3. the glyoxylate shunt was up-regulated when acetate became the main carbon source for MR-1 growth

Пористый композит для гетерогенного катализа

A effect of the duration of mechanochemical activation process on morphology and particle size distribution of composite powder Cu-13 mass% Al has been investigated by quantitative stereological analysis. It has been found that intensive mechanical failure of particles and increased powder dispersion is directly related to the formation of brittle Cu9Al4 intermetal-lide. Hydraulic characteristics of porous elements for catalytic membranes obtained by hydration hardening of composite powder Cu-13 mass% Al in the form of an 80-100 μm thick layer on porous titanium discs have been investigated. It was established that the average pore size and permeability coefficient nonmonotonically depend on the particle size of the powder.Методом количественного стереологического анализа исследовано влияние длительности процесса механического активирования на морфологию и дисперсность частиц композитного порошка состава Cu-13 мас.% Al. Установлено, что интенсивное механическое разрушение частиц и увеличение дисперсности порошка непосредственно связано с формированием хрупкого интерметаллида Cu9Al4. Исследованы гидравлические характеристики пористых элементов для каталитических мембран, полученных методом гидратационного твердения композитного порошка Cu-13 мас.% Al в виде слоя толщиной 80-100 мкм на пористых титановых дисках. Установлено, что средний размер пор и коэффициент проницаемости немонотонно зависят от размера частиц порошка

БИОПОЛИМЕРНЫЕ МУЛЬТИСЛОЙНЫЕ ПЛЕНКИ В КАЧЕСТВЕ НОСИТЕЛЕЙ МЕЗЕНХИМАЛЬНЫХ СТВОЛОВЫХ КЛЕТОК

Multilayer films (chitosan/dextran)n , (chitosan/pectin)n , (chitosan/carboxymethylcellulose)n , (polyethyleneimine/dextran)n , (polyethyleneimine/pectin)n , (polyethyleneimine/carboxymethylcellulose)n (n = 4; 4.5) with a thickness of 8.5 to 396.3 nm have been obtained. The relationship between the physicochemical characteristics of the films and the adhesion of mesenchymal stem cells to them has been determined. It has been shown that the mesenchymal stem cells effectively adhere to defect-free ultrathin multilayer viscoelastic chitosan-containing films and form on their surface a monolayer culture of fibroblast-like cells with high viability. Получены мультислойные пленки: (хитозан/декстран)n , (хитозан/пектин)n , (хитозан/карбоксиметилцеллюлоза)n , (полиэтиленимин/декстран)n , (полиэтиленимин/пектин)n , (полиэтиленимин/карбоксиметилцеллюлоза)n (n = 4; 4,5) с толщиной от 8,5 до 396,3 нм. Установлена взаимосвязь между физико-химическими характеристиками пленок и адгезией на них мезенхимальных стволовых клеток. Показано, что мезенхимальные стволовые клетки эффективно адгезируют на вязкоэластичных бездефектных ультратонких мультислойных хитозан-содержащих пленках и формируют на их поверхности монослойную культуру фибробластоподобных клеток с высокой жизнеспособностью