A multiscale systems perspective on cancer, immunotherapy, and Interleukin-12

Monoclonal antibodies represent some of the most promising molecular targeted immunotherapies. However, understanding mechanisms by which tumors evade elimination by the immune system of the host presents a significant challenge for developing effective cancer immunotherapies. The interaction of cancer cells with the host is a complex process that is distributed across a variety of time and length scales. The time scales range from the dynamics of protein refolding (i.e., microseconds) to the dynamics of disease progression (i.e., years). The length scales span the farthest reaches of the human body (i.e., meters) down to the range of molecular interactions (i.e., nanometers). Limited ranges of time and length scales are used experimentally to observe and quantify changes in physiology due to cancer. Translating knowledge obtained from the limited scales observed experimentally to predict patient response is an essential prerequisite for the rational design of cancer immunotherapies that improve clinical outcomes. In studying multiscale systems, engineers use systems analysis and design to identify important components in a complex system and to test conceptual understanding of the integrated system behavior using simulation. The objective of this review is to summarize interactions between the tumor and cell-mediated immunity from a multiscale perspective. Interleukin-12 and its role in coordinating antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity is used illustrate the different time and length scale that underpin cancer immunoediting. An underlying theme in this review is the potential role that simulation can play in translating knowledge across scales

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Not AvailableUttar Pradesh contributes largest acreage of sugarcane (more than 40 per cent) to the national crop acreage; hence an early estimate of the crop acreage becomes paramount importance which was done using AWiFS data. Multi-date data of Resourcesat-2 AWiFS from February to November 2012 and January to November, 2013 for the 27 districts of Uttar Pradesh (U.P) was used to develop the procedure for early estimation of sugarcane acreage. The districts selected were having an area greater than 10 thousand ha and contribute 98.7 per cent of the state sugarcane acreage. The ground truth was collected during July/August and October 2012-13.The classification accuracy vis-a-vis critical data set requirement and identification of ratoon and freshly planted crop was also attempted. Early estimation of sugarcane acreage during month of June can be made possible by using multi-date AWiFS data upto May in case of Uttar Pradesh. The estimated acreage was 18.1 lakh ha which were 30 per cent underestimated in comparison to crop acreage estimation using data upto Nov. 3, 2012 which was 26.1 lakh ha. The error in early estimation of the crops was reduced by about 50 per cent as the estimated crop acreage during May was19.5 lakh ha whereas using AWiFS data upto Nov. 3, 2013 was 22.6 lakh ha. Therefore, on the basis of model output for two years, early estimation in June showed under estimation of 22 percent compared to final estimate in November.Not Availabl

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The study area is located between 23.5o and 30.5o N and 76.5 o to 84.5 o E bordered by the Indo gangetic plains. It covers about 24093 km2 geographical area.Total 400 ground truth data was collected using the handheld GPS during the crop season in all the district of the study area. The satellite data of the same period consisted of 56 m spatial resolutions were used for the analysisUttar Pradesh contributes largest acreage of sugarcane (more than 40 per cent) to the national crop acreage; hence an early estimate of the crop acreage becomes paramount importance which was done using AWiFS data. Multi-date data of Resourcesat-2 AWiFS from February to November 2012 and January to November, 2013 for the 27 districts of Uttar Pradesh (U.P) was used to develop the procedure for early estimation of sugarcane acreage. The districts selected were having an area greater than 10 thousand ha and contribute 98.7 per cent of the state sugarcane acreage. The ground truth was collected during July/August and October 2012-13.The classification accuracy vis-a-vis critical data set requirement and identification of ratoon and freshly planted crop was also attempted. Early estimation of sugarcane acreage during month of June can be made possible by using multi-date AWiFS data upto May in case of Uttar Pradesh. The estimated acreage was 18.1 lakh ha which were 30 per cent underestimated in comparison to crop acreage estimation using data upto Nov. 3, 2012 which was 26.1 lakh ha. The error in early estimation of the crops was reduced by about 50 per cent as the estimated crop acreage during May was19.5 lakh ha whereas using AWiFS data upto Nov. 3, 2013 was 22.6 lakh ha. Therefore, on the basis of model output for two years, early estimation in June showed under estimation of 22 percent compared to final estimate in NovemberNot Availabl

Not Available

Not AvailableUttar Pradesh contributes largest acreage of sugarcane (more than 40 per cent) to the national crop acreage; hence an early estimate of the crop acreage becomes paramount importance which was done using AWiFS data. Multi-date data of Resourcesat-2 AWiFS from February to November 2012 and January to November, 2013 for the 27 districts of Uttar Pradesh (U.P) was used to develop the procedure for early estimation of sugarcane acreage. The districts selected were having an area greater than 10 thousand ha and contribute 98.7 per cent of the state sugarcane acreage. The ground truth was collected during July/August and October 2012-13.The classification accuracy vis-a-vis critical data set requirement and identification of ratoon and freshly planted crop was also attempted. Early estimation of sugarcane acreage during month of June can be made possible by using multi-date AWiFS data upto May in case of Uttar Pradesh. The estimated acreage was 18.1 lakh ha which were 30 per cent underestimated in comparison to crop acreage estimation using data upto Nov. 3, 2012 which was 26.1 lakh ha. The error in early estimation of the crops was reduced by about 50 per cent as the estimated crop acreage during May was19.5 lakh ha whereas using AWiFS data upto Nov. 3, 2013 was 22.6 lakh ha. Therefore, on the basis of model output for two years, early estimation in June showed under estimation of 22 percent compared to final estimate in November.Not Availabl

Tevatron Run II combination of the effective leptonic electroweak mixing angle

Drell-Yan lepton pairs produced in the process pp→â.,"+â.,"-+X through an intermediate γ∗/Z boson have an asymmetry in their angular distribution related to the spontaneous symmetry breaking of the electroweak force and the associated mixing of its neutral gauge bosons. The CDF and D0 experiments have measured the effective-leptonic electroweak mixing parameter sin2θefflept using electron and muon pairs selected from the full Tevatron proton-antiproton data sets collected in 2001-2011, corresponding to 9-10 fb-1 of integrated luminosity. The combination of these measurements yields the most precise result from hadron colliders, sin2θefflept=0.23148±0.00033. This result is consistent with, and approaches in precision, the best measurements from electron-positron colliders. The standard model inference of the on-shell electroweak mixing parameter sin2θW, or equivalently the W-boson mass MW, using the zfitter software package yields sin2θW=0.22324±0.00033 or equivalently, MW=80.367±0.017 GeV/c2