3 research outputs found
Technology platforms in Russia: a catalyst for connecting government, science, and business?
The article analyzes a new instrument of Russian innovation policy - technology platforms. The reasons for their establishment are outlined based on the analysis of the innovation system in Russia. Comparisons with the European Union technology platforms, which served as blueprints for developing similar structures in Russia, are provided. Russian platforms are found to suffer from the government micromanagement. More detailed analysis is provided through three case studies of selected technology platforms specializing in different representative economic areas. The results of these studies demonstrate that Russian technology platforms are still far from being effective communication instruments. The platforms received inadequate federal support at the initial stages of their development, which eventually affected their performance. Nevertheless, the first steps have been undertaken to create expert communities in important economic areas. The article suggests directions for further development of technology platforms, such as expanding a palette of stakeholders and conducting two-way monitoring - both of platforms' performance and government measures aimed at their development
Π‘ΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ-Π³ΡΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π΅Π²ΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ (Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π€ΠΈΠ½Π»ΡΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠΈ)
Purpose: to study the approaches and priorities for innovation policy oriented to solve developed countries' social and humanitarian problems (case of the UK and Finland).Methods: due to the descriptive method the array of documents forming the innovation policy of the UK and Finland was determined and analysis singled out its social and humanitarian aspects. The historical method helped to trace the evolution of innovation policy. By the comparative method the goals and content of the innovation policy of the two countries were compared.Results: the UK and Finland face the same type of social and humanitarian challenges characterizing European countries. The authors hypothesized the similarity of the principles of responses to these challenges in the innovation policy of the two innovation-active countries, despite the differences in the fundamentals of the market economy functioning: minimal state intervention in the free market (the UK) and the economic processes regulation in the North Europe welfare state (Finland). An analysis of government documents relating to innovation policy, analytical reviews and statistical materials confirmed this assumption.Conclusions and Relevance: innovation policy as an institution has been examined for a long time but its social and humanitarian aspects are not yet sufficiently specified and presented in fragments. The study of the principles of socially oriented innovation policy in the UK and Finland expands the understanding of innovation policy's transformation that accelerates the transition of innovation activity from Β«technological determinismΒ» to Β«social constructivismΒ». A wide range of stakeholders are involved in that innovation policy's formation and implementation: the academic sector, business structures, and end users. The results of the study can be used to develop recommendations for improving Russia's innovation policy.Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ Π² ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ-Π³ΡΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌ, Π²ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π€ΠΈΠ½Π»ΡΠ½Π΄ΠΈΡ.ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ. ΠΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ» ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΏΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΡ ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π€ΠΈΠ½Π»ΡΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π΅Π΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ-Π³ΡΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ. ΠΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ, ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ Ρ ΡΡΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ-Π³ΡΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ². Π‘ΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ Π΄Π°Π» Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π΄Π²ΡΡ
ΡΡΡΠ°Π½.Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ. ΠΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ Π€ΠΈΠ½Π»ΡΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠΏΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ-Π³ΡΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Ρ, Π² ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΌ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΡΡ
Π΅Π²ΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΡΡΠ°Π½. ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΄Π²ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π·Ρ ΠΎ ΡΡ
ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ² ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π° ΡΡΠΈ Π²ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Ρ Π² ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ Π΄Π²ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΡΠ°Π½, Π½Π΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ
ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ: ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π° Π² ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠ° (ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ) ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ
ΠΎΠ·ΡΠΉΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ², Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΠ΅Π²ΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ° (Π€ΠΈΠ½Π»ΡΠ½Π΄ΠΈΡ). ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π° ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ, Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ» ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ Π² ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅.ΠΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ. ΠΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π΄Π°Π²Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ, Π½ΠΎ Π΅Π΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ-Π³ΡΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ° Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π³ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎ. ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π² ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π€ΠΈΠ½Π»ΡΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π°Π»ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π² ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π΅Π΅ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ-Π³ΡΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ Β«ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°Β» ΠΊ Β«ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡΒ». Π ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ Π²ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΡΡΠ³ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΠΊΡ
ΠΎΠ»Π΄Π΅ΡΠΎΠ²: Π°ΠΊΠ°Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡ, Π±ΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅Ρ-ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ
Evaluation Methods for R&D in European 3 Countries
The paper is a case study of the experience of developing and using systems for evaluating the quality and effectiveness of scientific research within British, Dutch and Finnish universities and other fundamental scientific centers. The article aims at showing key organizational and methodical approaches for assessing the effectiveness of research in Western European countries against the background of the ensuing discussion about the role of quantitative and peer review methods in analyzing research results. Descriptive, historical and comparative methods are used. The assessments of quality and the state of research in the selected group of countries are found to be based mainly on the complexity and ambiguity of scientific pursuit and, consequently, on understanding that the evaluation of research effectiveness should be multidimensional and complex, that it should rest on expert quality assessment and quantitative (scientometric and bibliometric) indicators, the latter not to be dominant, but to serve as an advantage to expert judgment. The article gives new detailed and more complete (than the analogical works) analysis of the systems and criteria for assessing the quality of research together with the factors underlying their evolution in the three European countries with highly developed national scientific systems. There is shown the formation of modern evaluation systems in accordance with the needs for the development of scientific potential and with the need to strengthen its competitiveness on the international arena. This made it possible to draw valid conclusions about the essential general features of the assessment systems and about their adaptation to national characteristics, and to formulate recommendations on using the experience of Western European countries to improve the practice of evaluating research activities in Russian universities and research institutes. The results of the work may as well be of interest to researchers, university professors, postgraduates, students, and also to all those interested in topical issues of developing the science of science.Π‘ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ΅ΠΉΡΡ, ΡΠ°ΡΠΊΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠ½Π΄Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π°ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ»Π°Π½Π΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π€ΠΈΠ½Π»ΡΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠΈ. Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ β ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΊ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡ Π² ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°Ρ
ΠΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠΏΡ Ρ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠΌ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ½Π΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π΅ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈ Π² Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅. Π ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ, ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² Π²ΡΠ±ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ ΠΏΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΈΡΠΊΠ°, ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Π° Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ, ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π½Π° ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
, ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ°Ρ
, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
(Π½Π°ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
) ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ
, ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ, Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ·Π½Π° ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ Π² Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ΅Π² ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ², Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΡ
Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΡΡΠ΅Ρ
Π΅Π²ΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°Ρ
Ρ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΡΠΌΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π° ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π΅. ΠΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Ρ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΊ ΠΈ ΠΈΡ
Π°Π΄Π°ΠΏΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ° Π·Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π½ΠΎΠ΅Π²ΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π² ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΈ ΠΠΠ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ², ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Π²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π²ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ², Π°ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΎΠ², ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ