Reforming the International Monetary System in the 1970s and 2000s: Would an SDR Substitution Account Have Worked

This paper analyzes the discussion of a substitution account in the 1970s and how the account might have performed had it been agreed in 1980. The substitution account would have allowed central banks to diversify away from the dollar into the IMF’s Special Drawing Right (SDR), comprised of US dollar, Deutschmark, French franc (later euro), Japanese yen and British pound, through transactions conducted off the market. The account’s dollar assets could fall short of the value of its SDR liabilities, and hedging would have defeated the purpose of preventing dollar sales. In the event, negotiators were unable to agree on how to distribute the open-ended cost of covering any shortfall if the dollar’s depreciation were to exceed the value of any cumulative interest rate premium on the dollar. As it turned out, the substitution account would have encountered solvency problems had the US dollar return been based on US treasury bill yields, even if a substantial fraction of the IMF’s gold had been devoted to meet the shortfall at recent high prices for gold. However, had the US dollar return been based on US treasury bond yields, the substitution account would have been solvent even without any gold backing

ADHD and The Deficit of Knowing: What?

This research-based essay explores the author’s experience with ADHD, as the essay’s formatting and usage of space evolves into a visual representation of the ADHD mind and questions the human capacity to identify, label, and differentiate inaccessible experiences. The common, often misinformed understanding of ADHD is disputed through in depth analyses of various brain functions. In particular, the atypical development of the executive functions housed in the ADHD person’s frontal lobe are explored through both contemporary research and personal experience, which are variously compared and contrasted to the supposed neurotypical experience. Consideration of ADHD’s lifelong stigma emphasizes the emotional components of the disorder that rarely receive attention, despite being equally integral to the disorder as any other attentional or behavioral components. Various theorists and theories of literature are invoked in order to create a dialogue within the essay concerned with the acquisition of knowledge and the impossibility of certainty, which merges into the main narrative at the end to contemplate self-acceptance

A Case Study in Program Evaluation: Evaluation of a Hypertension Self Management Program

The CDC\u27s program evaluation process framework is a six-step approach that guides public health practitioners in the evaluation of public health programs. The framework includes engaging stakeholders, describing the program, focusing the evaluation design, gathering credible evidence, justifying conclusions, and ensuring use and sharing of lessons learned. Each step is important in developing a comprehensive and effective program evaluation. This evaluation discusses the application of the six steps of the CDC\u27s program evaluation process framework and how it was utilized in evaluating a hypertension self-management program at a local health department

Eg versus x relation from photoluminescence and electron microprobe investigations in p-type Hg1−xCdxTe (0.35 =< x =< 0.7)

Combined photoluminescence (at 10 T 300 K) and electron microprobe investigations have been carried out with HgCdTe samples grown from the melt or from solution. By exciting the samples through metallic masks with 200 μm diameter holes fixed with respect to the sample care was taken to pick-up both characteristic X-ray radiation as well as the photoluminescence from the same sample area. The Eg versus x relation determined in this way at T = 30 K has been compared with data from the interband absorption edge by other authors

Stabiliteit en verandering in intergenerationele familierelaties : verschuivingen in relatietypen over een periode van drie jaar

This paper focuses on shifts in adult child-parent relationship type using the first two waves of the Netherlands Kinship Panel Study (NKPS). The analyses are informed by both a life transitions perspective, and the negotiation of relationships perspective. The intergenerational relationships typology represents different combinations of solidaristic acts and conflict. We employed Latent Transition Analysis to determine the prevalence and predictors of shifts. Less than 5% of the dyads shifted to a different type. Insofar shifts took place, they were most likely from the ambivalent type, and particularly so for relationships with mothers and daughters. Offspring (re)partnering, offspring divorce, parental widowhood, parental health decline, offspring unemployment, birth of a grandchild, and moving nearer, did not predict typology shifts, whereas the number of parental divorces was too small for analyses of change. Parental repartnering prompted a shift towards the discordant type with its low probabilities of contact and support exchange, and the relatively high likelihood of conflict over personal issues. Moving away prompted a shift from the ambivalent type with its high probabilities of supportive exchanges and conflict over material and personal issues. Over a period of three years, there is considerably more continuity in adult child-parent relationships than change

Reforming the international monetary system in the 1970s and 2000s: would an SDR substitution account have worked?

Advocates of a more pluralistic international monetary and financial system seek to reduce reliance on a single national currency and to bring international liquidity under collective control. One recently revived proposal would transform US dollar official reserves into claims denominated in the IMF's key currency basket, Special Drawing Rights (SDRs). Drawing on new archival evidence and simulations, this article highlights issues that derailed earlier agreement on such an account and shortcomings of design and ambition revealed by subsequent developments. One design issue was account losses if US dollar yields failed to exceed SDR yields enough to offset dollar depreciation. In fact, uncovered interest parity did not hold and could well have left the account persistently insolvent. Another shortcoming was ambition: the proposed account proved simply too small to achieve the desired lowering of the dollar's share of foreign exchange reserves. Any new proposal needs to address these shortcomings

Reforming the International Monetary System in the 1970s and 2000s: Would an SDR Substitution Account Have Worked

This paper analyzes the discussion of a substitution account in the 1970s and how the account might have performed had it been agreed in 1980. The substitution account would have allowed central banks to diversify away from the dollar into the IMF’s Special Drawing Right (SDR), comprised of US dollar, Deutschmark, French franc (later euro), Japanese yen and British pound, through transactions conducted off the market. The account’s dollar assets could fall short of the value of its SDR liabilities, and hedging would have defeated the purpose of preventing dollar sales. In the event, negotiators were unable to agree on how to distribute the open-ended cost of covering any shortfall if the dollar’s depreciation were to exceed the value of any cumulative interest rate premium on the dollar. As it turned out, the substitution account would have encountered solvency problems had the US dollar return been based on US treasury bill yields, even if a substantial fraction of the IMF’s gold had been devoted to meet the shortfall at recent high prices for gold. However, had the US dollar return been based on US treasury bond yields, the substitution account would have been solvent even without any gold backing

Оценка погрешности выделения сигнала из шума на основе синхронного детектирования

Объектом исследования является метод синхронного детектирования, его применение и оценка погрешностей при разных параметрах. Цель работы – анализ составляющих погрешности при выделении сигнала методом синхронного детектирования. В процессе исследования проводился анализ принципа синхронного детектирования, аналитический обзор средств измерений на основе синхронного детектирования. Также проводилась оценка составляющих погрешности при отклонении частот детектируемого и опорного сигнала, влияние некогерентности опорного сигнала, влияние не ортогональности опорных сигналов. В результате исследования были получены оценки составляющих погрешности при отклонении частот детектируемого и опорного сигнала, а также было выявлено влияние некогерентности опорного сигнала, влияние не ортогональности опорных сигналов. Экономическая эффективность/значимость работы: реализация данного научно-технического проекта, позволяет увеличить эффективность производства, с ресурсосберегающей стороны путем внедрения новых синхронных усилителей с меньшей погрешностью, это позволит производить измерения более точно.The object of the study is the method of synchronous detection, its application and estimation of errors in different parameters. The work purpose – the analysis of the error components when the selection signal by the method of synchronous detection. In the process of investigation the analysis of the principle of synchronous detection, analytical review of measurement tools based on synchronous detection. Also was evaluated the components of the error in the frequency deviation detected and the reference signal, the influence of the incoherence of the reference signal, the influence of orthogonality of a reference signal. The study produced estimates of the components of error in the frequency deviation detected and the reference signal, but also revealed the effects of incoherence of the reference signal, the influence of orthogonality of a reference signal. Economic efficiency and significance of the work: the implementation of this research project, allows to increase production efficiency, resource-saving hand through the introduction of new synchronous amplifiers with reduced error, this will allow to measure more precisely

Major Anthropogenic Causes for and Outcomes of Wild Animal Presentation to a Wildlife Clinic in East Tennessee, USA, 2000–2011

To determine the reasons for presentation and outcome of wildlife cases in East Tennessee, a retrospective analysis was performed using 14,303 records from cases presented to the wildlife clinic of the University of Tennessee Veterinary Teaching Hospital between 2000 and 2011. The cases were first categorized into amphibian/non-avian reptile, mammal, or avian and then classified into groups based on the primary admitting/presenting sign. There are a variety of reasons animals were presented to the clinic, and some were directly or indirectly anthropogenic in origin, including cat related, dog related, hit by automobile, and other human encounters leading to trauma; of the cases reviewed, 4,443 (31.1%) presented for one of these 4 reasons. Overall case fatality risk in regard to these 4 admitting/presenting signs was 0.519 for the amphibian/non-avian reptile cases, 0.675 for mammal cases, and 0.687 for avian cases. This study confirms the importance of monitoring wildlife morbidity and mortality and of focusing efforts to reduce the anthropogenic threat on native habitats and resident wildlife populations