Spectrum occupancy measurement: a case for cognitive radio network in lagos, Nigeria

The proliferation in technologies and with the recent introduction of new paradigm for wireless communication, the demand for wireless devices has increased drastically in recent years. This therefore, posed a major threat on the available frequency spectrum and as a result, an efficient method for the utilisation of the limited frequency spectrum is required. As the scarcity of frequency spectrum is a major problem in the telecommunication field, cognitive radio technology has been identified as a promising solution to this problem. Cognitive radio allows the opportunistic access of licensed bands by unlicensed users without causing harmful interference to the licensed user. There is a need to evaluate the utilisation level of the licensed bands in order to identify which frequency bands can be used for cognitive radio implementation. Nevertheless, spectrum measurement campaigns have been conducted mostly in USA and a few other locations around the world. In this paper, the results of the measurement campaign conducted in Ikeja, the capital city of Lagos, Nigeria covering the range of frequency 700 MHz up to 2.2 GHz is presented. The measurement results are analysed and compared to the frequency allocation table published by the Nigerian Communications Commission. The results obtained show that the frequency spectrum is underutilised and therefore a significant amount of spectrum is available for the future implementation of cognitive radio networks

Interference temperature measurements and spectrum occupancy evaluation in the context of cognitive radio

This paper presents a refined radio spectrum measurement platform specifically designed for spectrum occupancy surveys in the context of Cognitive radio. Cognitive radio permits the opportunistic usage of licensed bands by unlicensed users without causing harmful interference to the licensed user. In this work, a study based on the measurement of the 800 MHz to 2.4 GHz frequency band at two different locations inside Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru campus, Malaysia is presented. Two Tektronix RSA306B spectrum analyzer are set up to conduct simultaneous measurements at different locations for a 24 hours period. The analysis conducted in this work is based on the real spectrum data acquired from environment in the experimental set up. Busy and idle channels were identified. The channels subject to adjacent-channel interference were also identified, and the impact of the detection threshold used to detect channel activities was also discussed. The consistency of the observed channel occupation over a range of thresholds and a sudden drop has good characteristics in determining an appropriate threshold needed in order to avoid interference

Experimental Study for Phycoremediation of Botryococcus sp. On Greywater

Abstract. Greywater (GW) is identified as waste disposal from home activites that is discharging from laundry, bath and wash-basin. GW useful in irrigation of a garden and aids to reduce cost as well as maintain the environmental prosperity. This paper discussed the effectiveness of Botryococcus sp. to clean GW in phycoremediation treatment. This process involves as growing the Botryococcus sp. in the GW which is contributing to utilize supplements in GW for its grow. The results indicated that Botryococcus sp. is effective to reduce COD (88%), BOD (82%), TIC (76%), TC (58%), TN (52%), TOC (39%), Phosphate (37.5%) and pH (7%) for 100% concentration of GW. Meanwhile, for the 50% of GW concentration Botryococcus sp. capable to remove such as COD (83%), TIC (82%), BOD (68%), TN (67%), Phosphate (36.8%), TC (34%), TOC (31%) and pH (1.2%). Then, the study concludes that Botryococcus sp. can grow effectively in GW and be able to reduce the rate of nutrient in GW

Experimental Study for Phycoremediation of Botryococcus sp. On Greywater

Abstract. Greywater (GW) is identified as waste disposal from home activites that is discharging from laundry, bath and wash-basin. GW useful in irrigation of a garden and aids to reduce cost as well as maintain the environmental prosperity. This paper discussed the effectiveness of Botryococcus sp. to clean GW in phycoremediation treatment. This process involves as growing the Botryococcus sp. in the GW which is contributing to utilize supplements in GW for its grow. The results indicated that Botryococcus sp. is effective to reduce COD (88%), BOD (82%), TIC (76%), TC (58%), TN (52%), TOC (39%), Phosphate (37.5%) and pH (7%) for 100% concentration of GW. Meanwhile, for the 50% of GW concentration Botryococcus sp. capable to remove such as COD (83%), TIC (82%), BOD (68%), TN (67%), Phosphate (36.8%), TC (34%), TOC (31%) and pH (1.2%). Then, the study concludes that Botryococcus sp. can grow effectively in GW and be able to reduce the rate of nutrient in GW

THE REVIVAL OF ISLAMIC TRADITIONAL MEDICAL METHOD AMONG MUSLIM SOCIETY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC

The Covid-19 Pandemic does not only affect the social life but also encourages many Muslim communities to find alternative solutions to maintain the immunity of their bodies. Consuming herbal medicines and conducting some Islamic traditional medical methods are currently back into a social trend because some people believe that the methods can ward off all forms of the disease. The focus of this research is the implementation of traditional Islamic medicine methods in West Java and aims to understand thoroughly the impact of the use of alternative medical methods in the society. This qualitative study with a field analysis approach employed observations and interviews to collect the required data. The findings show that the use of herbal medicine and traditional Islamic healing methods during Covid-19 pandemic become a new trend since people try to seek alternative ways to maintain their immunity. The religious foundation plays an important role in this situation since people find out that Islam is not only about worship but also health management; in this case, many people try to use the religious-based healing method

Comparison of a Double and Triple Nonlinear Hyperbolic Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) compensator for a servo pneumatic actuator

Steady-state attributes are significant criteria for designing a single rod double actuating pneumatic servo system controller. Scholars have proposed various compensators for research enhancement in industrial applications. One of the main problems observed for the industry application is that the compensators that are applied are linear type, thus is a mismatch to the pneumatic system that is highly nonlinear. Owing to this reason, a Double Nonlinear Hyperbolic and two types of Triple Nonlinear Hyperbolic Proportional-Integrator-Derivative (PID) compensator are designed to overcome the system's nonlinearity. Both the Double and Triple Nonlinear Hyperbolic PID shows a better steady-state error compared to the basic PID compensator based on the simulation and experimental analysis. The transient response performance of each nonlinear compensator is also not compromised in achieving a better steady-state. The Double Nonlinear Hyperbolic PID compensator presents the best actual position in the experimental analysis. However, the Triple Nonlinear Hyperbolic PID presents the best results for the Integral Absolute Error (IAE) analysis. In addition, each of the controllers will be analyzed for stability adapting the Popov plot. The Triple Nonlinear hyperbolic PID controller could be further improved by optimizing the parameter by adapting advanced optimization tools such as Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Genetic Algorithm (GA)

Visible-light active photocatalytic dual layer hollow fiber (dlhf) membrane and its potential in mitigating the detrimental effects of bisphenol a in water

The presence of bisphenol A (BPA) in various water sources has potentially led to numerous adverse effects in human such as increased in blood pressure and derangement in liver function. Thus, a reliable treatment for the removing BPA is highly required. This present work aimed to study the efficiency of visible light driven photocatalytic dual-layer hollow fiber (DLHF) membrane for the removal of BPA from water and further investigated its detrimental effects by using an in-vivo model. The prepared membranes were characterized for their morphology, particles distribution, surface roughness, crystallinity and light absorption spectra. The removal of 81.6% and 86.7% in BPA concentration was achieved for N-doped TiO2 DLHF after 360 min of visible and UV light irradiation, respectively. No significant changes for all three groups were observed in liver function test meanwhile the rats-exposed to untreated BPA water shows significance blood pressure increment contrary to rats-exposed to treated BPA water. Similarly, the normal morphology in both jejunum and ileum were altered in rats-exposed to untreated BPA water group. Altogether, the presence of N-doped TiO2 in DLHF are shown to significantly enhance the photocatalytic degradation activity under visible irradiation, which effectively mitigates the effect of BPA in an in-vivo model

Interference Temperature Measurements and Spectrum Occupancy Evaluation in the Context of Cognitive Radio

This paper presents a refined radio spectrum measurement platform specifically designed for spectrum occupancy surveys in the context of Cognitive radio. Cognitive radio permits the opportunistic usage of licensed bands by unlicensed users without causing harmful interference to the licensed user. In this work, a study based on the measurement of the 800 MHz to 2.4 GHz frequency band at two different locations inside Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru campus, Malaysia is presented. Two Tektronix RSA306B spectrum analyzer are set up to conduct simultaneous measurements at different locations for a 24 hours period. The analysis conducted in this work is based on the real spectrum data acquired from environment in the experimental set up. Busy and idle channels were identified. The channels subject to adjacent-channel interference were also identified, and the impact of the detection threshold used to detect channel activities was also discussed. The consistency of the observed channel occupation over a range of thresholds and a sudden drop has good characteristics in determining an appropriate threshold needed in order to avoid interference