Separation and quantification of diazinon in water samples using liquid-phase microextraction-based effervescent tablet-assisted switchable solvent method coupled to gas chromatography-flame ionization detection

This study used a liquid-phase microextraction-based effervescent tablet-assisted switchable solvent method coupled to gas chromatography-flame ionization detection as an eco-efficient, convenient-to-use, cost-effective, sensitive, rapid, and efficient method for extracting, preconcentrating, and quantifying trace amounts of diazinon in river water samples. As a switchable solvent, triethylamine (TEA) was used. In situ generation of CO(2) using effervescent tablet containing Na(2) CO(3) and citric acid changed the hydrophobic TEA to the hydrophilic protonated triethylamine carbonate (P-TEA-C). CO(2) removal from the specimen solution using NaOH caused P-TEA-C to be converted into TEA and led to phase separation, during which diazinon was extracted into the TEA phase. The salting-out process was helpful in enhancing extraction efficiency. In addition, a number of significant parameters that affect extraction recovery were examined. Under optimum conditions, the limit of detection and limit of quantitation were 0.06 and 0.2 ng/ml, respectively. The extraction recovery percentage and pre-concentration factor were obtained at 95 and 190, respectively, and the precision (inter- and intra-day, relative standard deviation , n = 5) was <5

An updated systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis on the relation between exposure to arsenic and risk of type 2 diabetes

Arsenic is among the most critical environmental toxicants associated with many human disorders. However, its effect on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is contradictory. This systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis aim to update information on the association between arsenic exposure and the risk of T2DM. The sample type (drinking water, urine, blood, and nails) conducted the subgroup analysis. Evaluation of the high vs. low arsenic concentrations showed a significant association between drinking water arsenic (OR: 1.58, 95 CI: 1.20-2.08) and urinary arsenic (OR: 1.37, 95 CI: 1.24-1.51) with the risk of T2DM. The linear dose-response meta-analysis showed that each 1 mug/L increase in levels of drinking water arsenic (OR: 1.01, 95 CI: 1.00-1.01) and urinary arsenic (OR: 1.01, 95 CI: 1.00-1.02) was associated with a 1 increased risk of T2DM. The non-linear dose-response analysis indicated that arsenic in urine was associated with the risk of T2DM ((Pnon-linearity)<0.001). However, this effect was not statistically significant for arsenic in drinking water ((Pnon-linearity)=0.941). Our findings suggest that blood arsenic was not significantly linked to the increased risk of T2DM in high vs. low (OR: 1.21, 95 CI: 0.85-1.71), linear (OR: 1.04, 95 CI: 0.99-1.09), and non-linear (P(non-linearity)=0.365) analysis. Also, nail arsenic was not associated with the risk of T2DM in this meta-analysis (OR: 1.33, 95 CI: 0.69-2.59). This updated dose-response meta-analysis indicated that arsenic exposure was significantly correlated with the risk of T2DM