Women in Development – Dissecting the Discourse

The concept of women’s development has now become an integral part of the development discourses and policy initiatives. This development has been informed by a remarkable though gradual shift in the perception about women, from the stature of victims and passive objects to that of independent agents. A significant impetus to raising such an informed platform came with the adoption of development issues within the UN system, in the background of increasing activism of development practitioners. The present paper critically traces the contours and its possible shades of this awakening that rises from the less ‘threatening’ planning for Women in Development (WID) to the more ‘confrontational’ gender planning with its aspiring goal of empowerment and emancipation. These movements have occasioned an increasing space for policy initiatives and interventions in favour of poor women in the Third World. There has been a gradual shift in orientation of these policy approaches towards women from ‘welfare’, to equity’ to anti-poverty’ to ‘efficiency’ and finally to ‘empowerment’. The policy reorientation reflects the changes in the basic economic approaches of the time, from modernization policies of accelerated growth, to basic needs strategies of growth with redistribution, to the recent so-called ‘compensatory measures’ for the neo-liberal illfare. The paper argues, inter alia, that the compensatory measures imply a substitution of the agency of civil society for that of the state in development process, the original agenda of the neo-liberalism.Women; Gender; Development; Equity; Empowerment

c-3,t-3-Dimethyl-r-2,c-7-diphenyl-1,4-diazepan-5-one

In the title compound, C19H22N2O, the diazepine ring adopts a distorted chair conformation. One of the N—H groups forms an inter­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bond generating an R 2 2(8) graph-set motif. The other N—H group does not form a hydrogen bond

c-3,t-3-Dimethyl-4-oxo-r-2,c-6-diphenyl­piperidine-1-carboxamide

In the title compound, C26H26N2O2, the piperidinone ring adopts a distorted boat conformation. The two phenyl rings substituted at positions 2 and 6 of the piperidinone ring occupy axial and equatorial orientations, which are approximately perpendicular to each other [89.14 (8)°]. The phenyl­carbamoyl group adopts an extended conformation. The crystal structure is stabilized by inter­molecular C—H⋯O inter­actions

1-Formyl-c-3,t-3-dimethyl-r-2,c-6-di­phenyl­piperidin-4-one

In the title compound, C20H21NO2, the piperidine ring adopts a distorted boat conformation. The phenyl rings substituted at the 2- and 6-positions of the piperidine ring subtend angles of 86.0 (1) and 67.3 (1)° with the mean plane of the piperidine ring (all six non-H atoms). The crystal packing features C—H⋯O inter­actions

r-2,c-6-Bis(4-methoxy­phenyl)-c-3,t-3-dimethyl-1-nitro­sopiperidin-4-one

In the title compound, C21H24N2O4, the piperidine ring adopts a distorted boat conformation. The crystal structure is stabilized by C—H⋯π inter­actions involving one of the methoxy­phenyl rings

5-Dichloro­acetyl-4-methyl-2,3,4,5-tetra­hydro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepin-2-one hemihydrate

There are two crystallographically independent organic mol­ecules in the asymmetric unit of the title compound, C12H12Cl2N2O2·0.5H2O. The benzodiazepine ring adopts a distorted boat conformation in both molecules. The crystal packing is controlled by N—H⋯O, C—H⋯O and O—H⋯O intra- and inter­molecular hydrogen bonds. A graph-set motif of R 3 3(14) dimer formation by a combination of N—H⋯O, O—H⋯O and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds stabilizes the mol­ecules and extends along a axis

c-3,t-3-Dimethyl-r-2,c-6-diphenyl­piperidin-4-one

In the title compound, C19H21NO, the piperidine ring adopts a chair conformation. The two phenyl rings attached to the piperidine ring at 2 and 6 positions occupy equatorial orientations and the dihedral angle between them is 57.53 (11)°. In the crystal, the mol­ecules are connected via weak inter­molecular C—H⋯π inter­actions, leading to a zigzag chains

2,2,4-Trimethyl-5-(4-tolyl­sulfon­yl)-2,3,4,5-tetra­hydro-1H-1,5-benzo­diazepine

In the title compound, C19H24N2O2S, the benzodiazepine ring adopts a distorted boat conformation. The S atom shows a distorted tetra­hedral geometry, with the O—S—O [119.16 (14)°] and N—S—C [107.48 (10)°] angles deviating significantly from ideal values. The crystal packing is controlled by C—H⋯O, N—H⋯O and C—H⋯π inter­actions

1-Acetyl-c-3,t-3-dimethyl-r-2,c-6-diphenyl­piperidin-4-one

In the title compound, C21H23NO2, the piperidine ring adopts a distorted boat conformation. The two phenyl rings form dihedral angles of 64.6 (1) and 87.8 (1)° with the best plane through the piperidine ring. The crystal packing is governed by inter­molecular C—H⋯O inter­actions