12 research outputs found
Occurrence of cyclophosphamide and epirubicin in wastewaters by direct injection analysis–liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry
Mass Flows of X-ray Contrast Media and Cytostatics in Hospital Wastewater
Little is known about the significance of hospitals as point sources for emission of organic micropollutants into the aquatic environment. A mass flow analysis of pharmaceuticals and diagnostics used in hospitals was performed on the site of a representative Swiss cantonal hospital. Specifically, we analyzed the consumption of iodinated X-ray contrast media (ICM) and cytostatics in their corresponding medical applications of radiology and oncology, respectively, and their discharge into hospital wastewater and eventually into the wastewater of the municipal wastewater treatment plant. Emission levels within one day and over several days were found to correlate with the pharmacokinetic excretion pattern and the consumed amounts in the hospital during these days. ICM total emissions vary substantially from day to day from 255 to 1259 g/d, with a maximum on the day when the highest radiology treatment occurred. Parent cytostatic compounds reach maximal emissions of 8−10 mg/d. A total of 1.1%, 1.4%, and 3.7% of the excreted amounts of the cytostatics 5-fluorouracil, gemcitabine, and 2′,2′-difluorodeoxyuridine (main metabolite of gemcitabine), respectively, were found in the hospital wastewater, whereas 49% of the total ICM was detected, showing a high variability among the compounds. These recoveries can essentially be explained by the high amount administered to out-patients (70% for cytostatics and 50% for ICM); therefore, only part of this dose is expected to be excreted on-site. In addition, this study emphasizes critical issues to consider when sampling in hospital sewer systems. Flow proportional sampling over a longer period is crucial to compute robust hospital mass flows
Occurrence of Cytostatics in Different Water Compartments
The chapter deals with the occurrence of a selection of anticancer drugs in 5 different water environments: hospital wastewater, wastewater treatment plant influ- 6 ents and effluents, surface water, sea water, and drinking water. Unfortunately, no 7 data are available for groundwater up to now. The chapter presents and discusses 8 measured environmental concentrations of anticancer drugs collected in 56 peer- 9 reviewed papers referring to investigations carried out in 18 countries all over the 10 world. It focuses on the variability of observed concentrations in the different 11 environments, and it highlights the importance of planning efficient sampling 12 strategies in order to obtain representative water samples. 13 The highest concentrations in hospital effluents were found for platinum-based 14 compounds and 5-fluorouracil (> 10 15 5 ng L1), in the influent for ciprofloxacin (> 10 16 3 ng L1), in the effluent for platinum-based compounds, ifosfamide and bicalutamide (> 10 17 3 ng L1), and in surface water for cyclophosphamide, tamoxifen, ciprofloxacin, and bicalutamide (> 10 18 2 ng L1). In addition, a comparison is provided between measured and predicted concentrations of some anticancer drugs 19 and a brief discussion of the strengths and weaknesses of the two approaches is 20 reported
Removal of two cytostatic drugs: bleomycin and vincristine by white-rot fungi – a sorption study
Removal of antineoplastic drugs cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, and 5-fluorouracil and a vasodilator drug pentoxifylline from wastewaters by ozonation
Benzalkonium Chloride and Anticancer Drugs in Binary Mixtures: Reproductive Toxicity and Genotoxicity in the Freshwater Crustacean Ceriodaphnia dubia
Hospital Wastewater Treatment by Membrane Bioreactor: Performance and Efficiency for Organic Micropollutant Elimination
Degradation of the cytostatic 5-Fluorouracil in water by Fenton and photo-assisted oxidation processes
Toxicity of Anticancer Drug Residues in Organisms of the Freshwater Aquatic Chain
Antineoplastic drug residues released in the aquatic system represent a
potential risk to exposed non-target organisms. Antineoplastic drugs are present in
aquatic environments at lower concentration levels than in other therapeutic classes.
In particular, antineoplastic drugs are known for their continuous release and
subsequent exposure throughout the life span of aquatic organisms and will yield
long-term toxicity rather than pose an immediate threat to the environment and
human health. Furthermore, these drugs interfere directly or indirectly with DNA
and their eco-toxicological effects, such as reproductive inhibition, may modify
genetic material. In light of these observations, this chapter aims to investigate the
acute and chronic effects of the most commonly used anticancer drugs in organisms
of the freshwater trophic chain. The drugs investigated belong to the subgroup L01
of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System and have been
chosen considering their occurrence, chemical structures, and modes of action