2,083 research outputs found
Deference, Clarity, and the Future of Arbitration in Investor-State Dispute Settlements
The result in BG Group, PLC demonstrates the Court’s desire to sustain arbitration as an effective and independent means of resolving disputes. The Court displayed an inclination to limit the influence of the judiciary on the process of BIT arbitration, recognizing the important position of BITs in global commerce and the prominence of the United States. Ultimately, the Court aligned the interpretive framework of domestic and international arbitration review in an effort to simplify review for courts and better inform stakeholders to the level of involvement of the judicial system in BITs that contain arbitration provisions
M Giants with IGRINS II. Chemical Evolution of Fluorine at High Metallicities
The origin and evolution of fluorine in the Milky Way galaxy is still in
debate. In particular, the increase of the [F/Fe] in metal-rich stars found
from near-IR HF-lines is challenging to explain theoretically. We determine the
fluorine abundances from 50 M giants in the solar neighbourhood spanning a
broad range of metallicities (-0.9<[Fe/H]<0.25 dex). These stars are cool
enough to have an array of HF lines in the K band. We observed the stars with
the IGRINS and investigate each of ten HF molecular lines in detail. Based on a
detailed line-by-line analysis of ten HF lines, we find that the R19, R18 and
R16 lines should primarily be used for abundance analysis. The R15, R14 and R13
lines can also be used, but the trends based on these lines show increasing
dependencies with the stellar parameters. The strongest HF lines, namely R12,
R11, R9 and R7 should be avoided since the abundances from them show
significant trends with the stellar parameters, and a high sensitivity to
variations in the microturbulence, especially for coolest metal-rich stars.
This leads to a huge scatter and high fluorine abundances for supersolar
metallicity stars, not seen in the trends from the weaker lines for the same
stars. When estimating the final mean fluorine abundance trend versus
metallicity, we neglect the fluorine abundances from the four strongest lines
(R7, R9, R11 and R12) for all stars and use only those derived from R16, R18,
and R19 for the coolest metal-rich stars. We confirm the flat trend of [F/Fe]
found in other studies in the metallicity range of -1.0<[Fe/H]<0.0. We also
find a slight enhancement at supersolar metallicities (0<[Fe/H]<0.15) but we
cannot confirm the upward trend seen at [Fe/H]>0.25. We need more observations
of M giants at super solar metallicities with a spectrometer like IGRINS to
confirm if the metal-rich fluorine abundance upturn is real or not.Comment: 11 pages, 6 figures, Accepted for publication in A&
Electron-acoustic plasma waves: oblique modulation and envelope solitons
Theoretical and numerical studies are presented of the amplitude modulation
of electron-acoustic waves (EAWs) propagating in space plasmas whose
constituents are inertial cold electrons, Boltzmann distributed hot electrons
and stationary ions. Perturbations oblique to the carrier EAW propagation
direction have been considered. The stability analysis, based on a nonlinear
Schroedinger equation (NLSE), reveals that the EAW may become unstable; the
stability criteria depend on the angle between the modulation and
propagation directions. Different types of localized EA excitations are shown
to exist.Comment: 10 pages, 5 figures; to appear in Phys. Rev.
Three New Cool Brown Dwarfs Discovered with the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) and an Improved Spectrum of the Y0 Dwarf WISE J041022.71+150248.4
As part of a larger search of Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) data
for cool brown dwarfs with effective temperatures less than 1000 K, we present
the discovery of three new cool brown dwarfs with spectral types later than T7.
Using low-resolution, near-infrared spectra obtained with the NASA Infrared
Telescope Facility and the Hubble Space Telescope we derive spectral types of
T9.5 for WISE J094305.98+360723.5, T8 for WISE J200050.19+362950.1, and Y0: for
WISE J220905.73+271143.9. The identification of WISE J220905.73+271143.9 as a Y
dwarf brings the total number of spectroscopically confirmed Y dwarfs to
seventeen. In addition, we present an improved spectrum (i.e. higher
signal-to-noise ratio) of the Y0 dwarf WISE J041022.71+150248.4 that confirms
the Cushing et al. classification of Y0. Spectrophotometric distance estimates
place all three new brown dwarfs at distances less than 12 pc, with WISE
J200050.19+362950.1 lying at a distance of only 3.9-8.0 pc. Finally, we note
that brown dwarfs like WISE J200050.19+362950.1 that lie in or near the
Galactic plane offer an exciting opportunity to measure their mass via
astrometric microlensing.Comment: Accepted for publication in the Astronomical Journa
Chirality transfer & chiral turbulence in gauge theories
Chirality transfer between fermions and gauge fields plays a crucial role for
understanding the dynamics of anomalous transport phenomena such as the Chiral
Magnetic Effect. In this proceeding we present a first principles study of
these processes based on classical-statistical real-time lattice simulations of
strongly coupled QED . Our simulations demonstrate that a
chirality imbalance in the fermion sector triggers chiral plasma instabilities
in the gauge field sector, which ultimately lead to the generation of long
range helical magnetic fields via a self-similar turbulent cascade of the
magnetic helicity.Comment: Quark Matter 2019 conference proceedin
- …