Greenhouse Gas Reduction Pathways: In the UNFCCC Process up to 2025

Meeting the EU objective of limiting global average temperature increase to 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels requires a peak in global greenhouse gas emissions within the next two decades. This means that early participation of developing countries in global emission control is needed, even under a significant strengthening of the commitments of Annex I countries under the Kyoto Protocol. The study has shown that it is possible to design a set of consistent rules for the attribution of the long-term emission endowments of the different world regions. The gains from participating in global emission trading and from reduced air pollution damage and/or abatement costs does substantially enhance, from a developing country perspective, the attractiveness of an early participation in a regime based on greenhouse gas reduction pathways, provided that the level and the form of their commitment is well designed so as to minimise economic risks

Technological Change in Economic Models of Environmental Policy: A Survey

This paper provides an overview of the treatment of technological change in economic models of environmental policy. Numerous economic modeling studies have confirmed the sensitivity of mid- and long-run climate change mitigation cost and benefit projections to assumptions about technology costs. In general, technical progress is considered to be a noneconomic, exogenous variable in global climate change modeling. However, there is overwhelming evidence that technological change is not an exogenous variable but to an important degree endogenous, induced by needs and pressures. Hence, some environmenteconomy models treat technological change as endogenous, responding to socio-economic variables. Three main elements in models of technological innovation are: (i) corporate investment in research and development, (ii) spillovers from R&D, and (iii) technology learning, especially learning-by-doing. The incorporation of induced technological change in different types of environmental-economic models tends to reduce the costs of environmental policy, accelerates abatement and may lead to positive spillover and negative leakage

ZERO TIME ADJUSTMENT OF INITIAL CONDITIONS AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO CONTROLLABILITY SUBSPACES

The ability to manipulate the release condition of the state vector from the input terminals of linear systems is of importance to a number of control applications. This problem has already received considerable attention for single-input single-output systems and suitable generalizations of the results to the multivariable case are discussed in this paper. A study of the geometric properties of the subspaces in the state space where the transferring of the state vector in minimum time is possible leads to the concept of controllability subspace in a manner that enables the unification of the existing physical, algebraic and geometric definitions of controllability subspace. A characterization of controllability subspace in terms of polynomial vectors is discussed together with possible applications for its computation

USE OF FREQUENCY TRANSMISSION CONCEPTS IN LINEAR-MULTIVARIABLE SYSTEM-ANALYSIS

The classical work by Nyquist and Bode and its extensions to the multivarible case are based on a frequency-response approach to feedback systems. In this paper the study of the transmission of a particular frequency, or a set of particular frequencies, leads to the definition of monofrequency transmission subspaces and multifrequency transmission subspaces respectively. Further investigation of the properties of these subspaces yields insight into the geometric structure of linear multivariable systems and suggests techniques of practical use to the feedback designer. One such technique discussed in this paper concerns the placement of eigenvectors and provides the geometric means for the derivation of solutions to the pole-placement problem

OUTPUT ZEROING PROBLEM AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO THE INVARIANT ZERO STRUCTURE - MATRIX PENCIL APPROACH

Multivariable zeros have been defined in a multitude of ways and of these the physical definition of zeros through the problem of zeroing outputs is preferred here. The extension of this definition, from the external to the internal description undertaken, proves the zeros with the corresponding zero directions to be dual concepts to the poles and corresponding modes. The treatment adopted in this paper leads to the definition of the zero pencil, Z(s) which through the theory of matrix pencils, proves to be an effective means for the analysis of the zero system structure. Use of the Kronecker canonical form of Z(s) enables the zero properties of the system to be related to the geometric theory of Wonham and Morse. A practical application of the results concerning the placement of zeros brings the paper to a conclusion