A multistep process for the dispersal of a Y chromosomal lineage in the Mediterranean area

Tn this work we focus on a microsatellite-defined Y-chromosomal lineage (network 1.2) identified by us and reported in previous studies, whose geographic distribution and antiquity appear to be compatible with the Neolithic spread of farmers. Here, we set network 1.2 in the Y-chromosomal phylogenetic tree, date it with respect to other lineages associated with the same movements by other authors, examine its diversity by means of tri- and tetranucleotide loci and discuss the implications hi reconstructing the spread of this group of chromosomes in the Mediterranean area. Our results define a tripartite phylogeny wit-bin HG 9 (Rosser et al. 2000) with the deepest branching defined by alleles T (Haplogroup Eu 10) or G (Haplogroup Eu9) at M172 (Semino et al. 2000), and a subsequent branching within Eu9 defined by network 1.2. Population distributions of HG 9 and network 1.2 show that their occurrence in the surveyed area is not due to the spread of people from a single parental population but, rather, to a process punctuated by at least two phases. Our data identify the wide area of the Balkans, Aegean and Anatolia as the possible homeland harbouring the largest variation within network 1.2. The use of recently proposed tests based on the stepwise mutation model suggests that its spread was associated to a population expansion, xvith a high rate of male gene flow in the Turkish Greek area

The origin, conditions and mechanism for the formation of alpine-type hyperbasites of the Lesser Caucasus

The problem of hyperbasites origin is one of the widely discussed topics in geology. This is because they often appear when no expected. Their development does not correspond to the general regularities of the geological complexes’ development. Therefore, when problematic instances of hyperbasites appear, discussion is inevitable. This is due to the imperfections of existing concepts, which are not without flaws. The essence of this concept lies in the fact that during the rotation of the Earth around its axis, geodynamic forces are formed. The hyperbasites complex by its nature belongs to deep igneous formations formed at the initial stage of development of volcano-plutonic processes, where the composition of magmatic products was not subject to decomposition. In general, the origin of igneous rocks is associated with deep anomalous processes, which were formed under the influence of geodynamic forces, where decompression of mantle matter occurs, causing a catastrophic increase in the volume of mantle matter, as well as the associated development of volcanoplutonic processes. Hyperbasites are formed both in divergent and convergent zones of the Earth’s crust. The main factor for their formation is high pressure – deep thermodynamic conditions, where there are no favorable thermodynamic conditions for the complete separation of magmatic melts by composition. The emergence of hypermafic rocks on the surface is associated with geotectonic or denudation processes. Denudation processes can expose only those hypermafic formations that are located at the site of formation. These zones include ancient platforms, sheets, terranes, etc., which were cut by deep erosion processes. As for those hyperbasic formations that are classified as alpinotype hyperbasites, they were moved to the structure of the Alps-Himalayan folded zone from the basement with a collision with subsequent geotectonic processes, where they formed in the bed of the Paleotethys Ocean, both in the process of divergence and convergence. The noted pattern of formation and the mechanism of formation of alpine-type hyperbasites clearly corresponds to the patterns of development of geodynamic forces in the face of the Earth, also with natural laws, which are the main factors in the evolution of the Earth’s crust. From the standpoint of KDEZK, the origin, mechanism of formation, as well as the form of distribution of alpinotype hypermafic rocks of the Lesser Caucasus occurred in the Paleotethys bed, under different thermodynamic conditions and at depths. Further, as a result of the collision, it participated in the formation of folded zones of the Lesser Caucasus. Within the Lesser Caucasus, two genetic types of hypermafic rocks are exposed. Some of them correspond to the convergent zone of the Tethys paleocean, while others correspond to divergent zones. In terms of ore content, the most promising are those hypermafic rocks that are genetically related to convergent zones

Electronic properties and phase transitions in low-dimensional semiconductors

We present the first review of the current state of the literature on electronic properties and phase transitions in TlX and TlMX2 (M = Ga, In; X = Se, S, Te) compounds. These chalcogenides belong to a family of the low-dimensional semiconductors possessing chain or layered structure. They are of significant interest because of their highly anisotropic properties, semi- and photoconductivity, non-linear effects in their I-V characteristics (including a region of negative differential resistance), switching and memory effects, second harmonic optical generation, relaxor behavior and potential applications for optoelectronic devices. We review the crystal structure of TlX and TlMX2 compounds, their transport properties under ambient conditions, experimental and theoretical studies of the electronic structure, transport properties and semiconductor-metal phase transitions under high pressure, and sequences of temperature-induced structural phase transitions with intermediate incommensurate states. Electronic nature of the ferroelectric phase transitions in the above-mentioned compounds, as well as relaxor behavior, nanodomains and possible occurrence of quantum dots in doped and irradiated crystals is discussed.Comment: 70 pages, 38 figure

The mortality from hemoblastosis in children of the south of Russia

The average for 2002-2016 mortality from malignant neoplasms of the population of the Republic of Dagestan is significantly less than 1.5 times compared with the Russian Federation. In the South of Russia, the Stavropol Territory, Dagestan, Karachaevo-Cherkessia and the Rostov Region are the most affected by the mortality from hemoblastosis in boys and girls; while the deaths from hemoblastosis in boys exceed similar indicators for girls in Russia, Southern and North-Caucasian federal districts, and also for subjects of the South of Russia; According to Dagestan, the excess mortality of boys is 45% compared to the indicator for girls, but without certainty. The prognostic tendency of mortality from hematological malignancies of the children's population has significant features in the comparative areas of the South of Russia with elements of different directions.Среднемноголетние за 2002-2016 годы интенсивные показатели смертности от злокачественных новообразований населения республики Дагестан достоверно меньше в 1,5 раза по сравнению с российской Федерацией. На Юге России наиболее неблагополучны Ставропольский край, Дагестан, Карачаево-Черкессия и ростовская область по смертности от гемобластозов мальчиков и девочек; при этом смертность от гемобластозов мальчиков превышают аналогичные показатели для девочек по России, Южному и Северо-Кавказскому федеральным округам, а также по субъектам Юга России; по Дагестану превышение смертности мальчиков по сравнению с показателем для девочек составляет 45%, но без достоверности. Прогностическая тенденция смертности от гемобластозов детского населения имеет существенные особенности по сравниваемым территориям Юга России с элементами разнонаправленности

ДИЭЛЕКТРИЧЕСКИЕ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ МОНОКРИСТАЛЛОВ TlGaS2, ДОПИРОВАННЫХ Со и Yb

Electrical conductivity and dielectric properties of TlGaS2, TlGa0,999Yb0,001S2 and TlGa0,99 Co0,01S2  single crystals are investigated in the temperature range 150–320 K at the measuring field frequencies of 103 –106 Hz. The values of generalized activation energy of charge carriers in these crystals are determined. It is shown that the absolute values of the characteristics studied increase with temperature. The temperature dependences of the dielectric constant of these crystals have revealed the anomalies in the form of wide peaks, indicating the presence of their structural changes at temperatures ~ 170–250 K. The dispersion of the dielectric properties of the single crystals under study is seen: with a frequency growth the dielectric constant values decrease, and electrical conductivity values increase. It is found that the cobalt and ytterbium doping of TlGaS2 crystals decrease permittivity values and increase electrical conductivity values.Проведены исследования электропроводности и диэлектрических характеристик монокристаллов TlGaS2, TlGa0,999Yb0,001S2 и TlGa0,99 Co0,01S2 в интервале температур 150–320 К на частотах измерительного поля 103 –106 Гц. Определены значения обобщенной энергии активации основных носителей заряда в этих кристаллах. Показано, что абсолютные значения изученных характеристик возрастают при увеличении температуры. На кривых температурной зависимости диэлектрической проницаемости исследуемых кристаллов обнаружены аномалии в виде широких максимумов, свидетельствующие о наличии структурных превращений в них в области температур ~ 170–250 К. Выявлена дисперсия диэлектрических свойств исследованных монокристаллов: с ростом частоты значения диэлектрической проницаемости уменьшаются, а удельной электропроводности – увеличиваются. Показано, что легирование кристаллов TlGaS2 кобальтом и иттербием приводит к уменьшению значений диэлектрической проницаемости и увеличению значений электропроводности

Влияние полиморфизмов генов CYP2D6 и CYP2C9 на клиническую эффективность трамадола и кеторолака при использовании протокола ускоренного восстановления у пациентов с неосложненным острым калькулезным холециститом, перенесших холецистэктомию

Relevance. One of the key components of the accelerated recovery protocols (ARP), in addition to minimizing the surgical approach, is an adequate postoperative analgesia. Despite this, applied postoperative analgesia combinations are not devoid of drawbacks, such as lack of effective postoperative analgesia and the presence of side effect. The use of a pharmacogenetic approach to analgesic therapy for the purpose of its personalization may increase the effectiveness and safety of the use of analgesics. In particular, the presence of an inactive CYP2D6*4 allele , in which the conversion of tramadol to its active metabolite is reduced, contributes to the insufficient efficacy of the drug. As for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, the presence of CYP2C9*2/*3 polymorphisms leads to a decrease in drug metabolism and a longer half-life, resulting in the increase of the clinical effect and the risk of adverse reactions. Thus, genotyping of patients with the determination of the presence of specific genetic factors can rationalize the postoperative analgesia.Aim of study. Evaluation of the possible association of polymorphisms of the CYP2D6 and CYP2C9 genes with the clinical efficacy of tramadol and ketorolac in relation to postoperative pain.Material and methods. This observational clinical study involved 107 patients with uncomplicated acute calculous cholecystitis who underwent videolaparoscopic cholecystectomy and perioperative treatment according to ARP. All patients underwent whole blood sampling followed by real-time polymerase chain reaction genotyping. Analgesic efficacy was assessed using a visual analog scale (VAS) and McGill Pain Questionnaire.Results. In CYP2D64* carriers pain was higher than that of wild-type carriers, according to VAS and McGill Pain Questionnaire in all investigated periods. In carriers of CYP2C9*2, the pain syndrome was lower than in carriers of the wild type at all intervals studied. In carriers of CYP2C9*3 pain was lower only after 2 and 6 hours, also according to McGill Pain Questionnaire.Conclusion. 1. The presence of the polymorphic marker CYP2D6*4 may reduce the efficacy of postoperative tramadol analgesia compared with wild type. 2. The presence of the polymorphic marker CYP2C9*2 and CYP2C9*3 may increase the efficacy of ketorolac pain relief compared to wild type.Актуальность. Одним из ключевых компонентов всех протоколов ускоренного восстановления (ПУВ), помимо минимизации операционного доступа, является адекватная послеоперационная аналгезия. Несмотря на это применяемые комбинации послеоперационного обезболивания не лишены недостатков, таких как недостаточно эффективная послеоперационная аналгезия и наличие побочных эффектов от используемых препаратов. Применение фармакогенетического подхода к обезболивающей терапии с целью ее персонализации может повысить эффективность и безопасность применения анальгетиков. В частности, наличие неактивного аллеля CYP2D6*4, при котором снижено преобразование трамадола в его активный метаболит, способствует недостаточной эффективности препарата. Что касается нестероидных противовоспалительных препаратов, наличие полиморфизмов CYP2C9*2/*3 приводит к снижению метаболизма лекарств и более длительному периоду полувыведения, вследствие чего может усилиться клинический эффект и повыситься риск нежелательных реакций. Таким образом генотипирование пациентов с определением наличия конкретных генетических полиморфизмов может рационализировать послеоперационную аналгезию.Цель. Оценка возможной ассоциации полиморфизмов генов CYP2D6 и CYP2C9 с клинической эффективностью трамадола и кеторолака в отношении послеоперационной боли.Материал и методы. В этом обсервационном клиническом исследовании принимали участие 107 пациентов с неосложненным острым калькулезным холециститом, которым выполняли видеолапароскопическую холецистэктомию и проводили периоперационное лечение согласно оптимизированному ПУВ. Всем пациентам осуществлялся забор цельной крови с последующим генотипированием методом полимеразной цепной реакции в режиме реального времени. Обезболивающая эффективность оценивалась при помощи визуальной аналоговой шкалы (ВАШ) и опросника боли Мак-Гилла.Результаты. У носителей CYP2D6*4 болевой синдром был выше, чем у носителей дикого типа, по данным ВАШ и болевого опросника Мак-Гилла во все исследуемые промежутки. У носителей CYP2C9*2 болевой синдром был ниже, чем у носителей дикого типа во все исследуемые промежутки. У носителей CYP2C9*3 болевой синдром был ниже только через 2 и 6 часов, а также по данным оценочной шкалы боли Мак-Гилла.Выводы. 1. Наличие полиморфного маркера CYP2D6*4 может снизить эффективность послеоперационного обезболивания трамадолом по сравнению с диким типом. 2. Наличие полиморфного маркера CYP2C9*2 и CYP2C9*3 может повысить эффективность обезболивания кеторолаком по сравнению с диким типом

Modern approach to complex treatment of diabetic foot syndrome in a surgical hospital

139 patients exposed to surgical interventions concerning the diabetic foot syndrome (DFS) from 2013 to 2015 were analyzed in this article. They were divided in two groups: patients with neuropathic (n=60) and neuroischemic (n=79) types of DFS. The dependence of surgical treatment results from the prevalence of purulent-necrotic processes was evaluated. The tendency of decrease of major amputations was established.В статье проанализированы 139 пациентов, которым выполнены хирургические вмешательства по поводу синдрома диабетической стопы (СДС) в период с 2013-го по 2015 год. Выделены 2 группы: пациенты с нейропатическим (n=60) и нейроишемическим (n=79) типами СДС. В ходе работы была оценена зависимость исходов операций от распространенности гнойно-некротических процессов, а также была установлена тенденция к уменьшению количества больших ампутаций

Clinical features of post-COVID-19 period. Results of the international register “Dynamic analysis of comorbidities in SARS-CoV-2 survivors (AKTIV SARS-CoV-2)”. Data from 6-month follow-up

Aim. To study the clinical course specifics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and comorbid conditions in COVID-19 survivors 3, 6, 12 months after recovery in the Eurasian region according to the AKTIV register. Material and methods.The AKTIV register was created at the initiative of the Eurasian Association of Therapists. The AKTIV register is divided into 2 parts: AKTIV 1 and AKTIV 2. The AKTIV 1 register currently includes 6300 patients, while in AKTIV 2 — 2770. Patients diagnosed with COVID-19 receiving in- and outpatient treatment have been anonymously included on the registry. The following 7 countries participated in the register: Russian Federation, Republic of Armenia, Republic of Belarus, Republic of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Republic of Moldova, Republic of Uzbekistan. This closed multicenter register with two nonoverlapping branches (in- and outpatient branch) provides 6 visits: 3 in-person visits during the acute period and 3 telephone calls after 3, 6, 12 months. Subject recruitment lasted from June 29, 2020 to October 29, 2020. Register will end on October 29, 2022. A total of 9 fragmentary analyzes of the registry data are planned. This fragment of the study presents the results of the post-hospitalization period in COVID-19 survivors after 3 and 6 months. Results. According to the AKTIV register, patients after COVID-19 are characterized by long-term persistent symptoms and frequent seeking for unscheduled medical care, including rehospitalizations. The most common causes of unplanned medical care are uncontrolled hypertension (HTN) and chronic coronary artery disease (CAD) and/or decompensated type 2 diabetes (T2D). During 3- and 6-month follow-up after hospitalization, 5,6% and 6,4% of patients were diagnosed with other diseases, which were more often presented by HTN, T2D, and CAD. The mortality rate of patients in the post-hospitalization period was 1,9% in the first 3 months and 0,2% for 4-6 months. The highest mortality rate was observed in the first 3 months in the group of patients with class II-IV heart failure, as well as in patients with cardiovascular diseases and cancer. In the pattern of death causes in the post-hospitalization period, following cardiovascular causes prevailed (31,8%): acute coronary syndrome, stroke, acute heart failure. Conclusion. According to the AKTIV register, the health status of patients after COVID-19 in a serious challenge for healthcare system, which requires planning adequate health system capacity to provide care to patients with COVID-19 in both acute and post-hospitalization period

Dynamics of glutathione system indices in patients with non-removable orthopedic prostheses

The level of thiol SH-groups and the activity of glutathione reductase in the oral fluid of patients with nonremovable ceramic and cermet structures have been determined. 57 patients with cermet and ceramic non-removable bridges were examined. The average age of the patients was 36.3 ± 3.55 years. The study included patients who did not have more than 3 teeth. A total of 137 non-removable bridges were found, of which 61 were ceramic-metal and 76 ceramics were whole-ceramic. The patients were divided into two groups: group I - 25 patients with cermet removable bridge restorations; Group II - 32 patients with whole-ceramic restorations. After 6 months. after prosthetics in comparison with the initial, the concentration of thiol groups in patients with cermet prosthesis increased by 21.1%, in patients with ceramic prostheses - by 27.2% (p <0.05). After 6 months. the activity of the enzyme in patients of the I group was higher than the initial activity by 27.4% (p <0.05) and above the activity, which was observed after 7 days, by 21.6%. At this stage of the study, the GR activity was below the control one by 7.8%. In patients of group II after 6 months. after prosthetics, the enzyme activity was higher than the baseline by 45.6% (p <0.05) and 26.4% (p <0.05) higher than 7 days later. In patients with ceramic restorations, GR activity after 6 months. practically did not differ from the control one