An Overview Of Japanese Modalities And Their Degree Of Proposition

Tulisan ini mengulas sepuluh kata modalitas dalam bahasa Jepang, yaitu hazu, ni chigainai, kamoshirenai, daroo, yoo, soo, rashii, beki, nakereba naranai, dan temo ii. Kesepuluh modal tersebut dikelompokkan berdasarkan sifat dan jenisnya menjadi dua kelompok, yaitu modalitas epistemik dan modalitas deontik. Modalitas epistemik adalah modalitas yang berisi ungkapan keperluan dan kemungkinan, sedangkan modalitas deontik adalah modalitas berhubungan dengan kewajiban dan kebolehan. Yang termasuk dalam modalitas epistemik adalah hazu, ni chigainai, kamoshirenai, daroo, yoo, soo, rashii, sedangkan yang termasuk dalam modalitas deontik adalah beki, nakereba naranai, dan temo ii

Genre Analysis in the Frame of Systemic Functional Linguistics

Systemic Functional Linguistics is a linguistics approach which cop-siders not only the structure of the language but also its social context. In the Systemic Functional Linguistics the concept of genre is defined as a step-by-step activity to reach the goal. The concept of genre is used to describe the cultural context in a language. According to this view, text should be seen and observed in its interaction with the context and social background. For that, the genre analysis will constantly involve the linguistic social context in the forms of field, tenor, mode, schematic structure and its realization in the text

In Vitro Evaluation Of Cholesterol-Reducing Ability Of Chitosan From Mangrove Crab (Scylla Serrata) Shell Solid Dispersion Using PVP K-30 AS A Carrier: Uji In Vitro Penurunan Kadar Kolesterol Sistem Dispersi Padat Kitosan dari Cangkang Kepiting Bakau (Scylla Serrata) Menggunakan PVP K-30 sebagai Pembawa

Background: Chitosan is a compound that can be synthesized from nature which can reduce the total serum cholesterol levels between 5.8−42.6% and decrease LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein) between 15.1-35.1%. One of the natural resources containing chitosan derivative compounds is the shell of mud crab. Chitosan is insoluble in water but soluble in acidic solutions such as acetic acid. With such chitosan solubility, it is necessary to increase the solubility by making a solid dispersion system so that drug absorption can be Faster. Objectives: The aims of this study is to determine the potential of chitosan solid dispersion system for reducing cholesterol. Material and Methods: The reduction of cholesterol levels was carried out by in vitro tests using UV-Vis spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 405 nm with Lieberman-Burchad reagent. The positive control used was simvastatin. There are 4 formulas, namely SD1, PM1, SD2, and PM2. This solid dispersion system uses polyvinyl pyrrolidone K-30 (PVP K-30) as carrier. Results: The characterization of chitosan has fulfilled all the characterization requirements that is organoleptic (shape and color) was creamy white, moisture content was 2.15%, ash content was 1.14%, ninhydrin test was positive purple, and deacetylation degree was 70.57%. The results of in vitro evaluation were obtained a dark green solution. The reducing percentage in cholesterol levels are SD1: 18.44%; PM1 : 18.11%; SD2 : 29.57%; and PM2 :12.01%. Simvastatin as a positive control has a percentage reduction in cholesterol levels of 30.07%.  Conclusion: Chitosan has an activity as anticholesterol agent. SD2 (Solid Dispersion Chitosan: PVP K-30 = 1:2) has the higher percentage than other formulas for reducing cholesterol level comparable with the positive control

Formulation and Evaluation of Solid Dispersion Chitosan Tablet From Whiteleg Shrimp (Litopenaeus Vannamei) Using PVP K-30 as A Carriers

Whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) on the market are processed or sold only to take part in the meat. The head, shell, and tail are thrown away without any prior processing. Underutilized waste causes environmental problems. An alternative to overcome this environmental disturbance phenomenon is to utilize shrimp shells containing chitin and subsequently transformed into chitosan that can be applied in various fields. Chitosan has poor solubility in water but high permeability; thus, improve bioavailability is accomplished by making solid dispersions. This study aims to formulate and evaluate the solid dispersion tablet using chitosan extract from L. vannamei as an active agent with PVP K-30 as a carrier. The formulation divided into three groups, that was F1 (chitosan : PVP K-30 = 1 : 1 solid dispersion), F2 (chitosan : PVP K-30 = 1 : 3 solid dispersion), and F3 (pure chitosan). The result of chitosan solid dispersion was molded into tablets by the direct compression method. The tablets were evaluated by weight and size uniformity, hardness, friability, and disintegration time. All the formulas by weight and size uniformity as well as disintegration time fulfill the requirements. The hardness of the tablets from F3 with 4,275 kg was the best from F1 and F2. By statistic analytical from weight uniformity, hardness and disintegration time give significant difference with sig. <0.05