Rheumatoid Arthritis: Severity Classification, Factors Responsible, Pathophysiology, Current and Herbal Treatment

Rheumatoid Arthritis is the autoimmune disorder occurs due to the change in life style, improper diet plans, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption etc. It generally affects the joints and creates swelling and severe pain in joints which leads to further destruction of bone and cartilages. Due to autoimmune responses the factors like Tumor Necrosis Factor-α, Interleukins-1 are introduced to synovial and synovial membrane which creates the swelling and pain. These factors further produce reactive oxygen species and inducing osteoclasts which destruct the bone and cartilages. Along with the drugs the several natural herbal treatments are also available for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. This includes varies medicinal plants form which acacia species is more potent and efficient. Acacia Senegal is the plant which blocks the receptors and decreases the level of tumor necrosis factor-α. Present work on rheumatoid arthritis mainly covers classification, factors responsible, pathophysiology, severity, current treatment and its drawbacks, herbal treatment and its benefits in treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis

Role of Drug Repurposing in Cancer Treatment and Liposomal Approach of Drug Targeting

Cancer is the leading cause of death, and incidences are increasing significantly and patients suffering from it desperately need a complete cure from it. The science of using an already-invented drug that has been approved by the FDA for a new application is known as “drug repurposing.” Currently, scientists are drawn to drug repositioning science in order to investigate existing drugs for newer therapeutic uses and cancer treatment. Because of their unique ability to target cancer cells, recently repurposed drugs and the liposomal approach are effective in the treatment of cancer. Liposomes are nanovesicles that are drastically flexible, rapidly penetrate deeper layers of cells, and enhance intracellular uptake. More importantly, liposomes are biocompatible, biodegradable; entrap both hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs. This chapter summarizes various approaches to drug repurposing, as well as drug repurposing methods, advantages and limitations of drug repurposing, and a liposomal approach to using repurposed drugs in cancer targeting. This chapter also summarizes liposomal structure, drug loading, and the mechanism of liposomes in targeted cancer treatment. The lipid-based liposomal approach is emerging as a powerful technique for improving drug solubility, bioavailability, reducing side effects, and improving the therapeutic efficacy of repurposed drugs for cancer treatment

Palladium nanowire from precursor nanowire: crystal-to-crystal transformation via in situ reduction by polymer matrix

Precursor nanowires of potassium palladium(II) chloride crystallized inside a poly(vinyl alcohol) film are reduced to palladium nanowires by the polymer itself under mild thermal annealing. The chemical reaction occurring in situ inside the polymer film, including byproduct formation, is investigated through electronic absorption and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy together with atomic force and electron microscopy. The overall process can be described as a novel case of crystal-to-crystal transformation at the nanoscopic level. Optical limiting characteristics of the nanowire-embedded polymer film are explored. The fabrication procedure developed, involving chemistry inside a polymer matrix mediated by the polymer, opens up a convenient route to the fabrication of free-standing metal nanowire-embedded thin films

Formation and growth of molecular nanocrystals probed by their optical properties

A red fluorescent zwitterionic molecule based on the diaminodicyanoquinodimethane framework is synthesized and structurally characterized. Formation of nanocrystals of this molecule through the reprecipitation protocol is followed by examining the optical absorption and emission. Computational modeling based on molecular and crystal structures provides insight into the assembly of molecules during colloid formation. Molecular nano/microcrystals of increasing size are fabricated through a digestion procedure, and the size-dependent optical properties are investigated by spectroscopy and microscopy. Utility of polymer wrapping to arrest the growth of these crystals is described

Tuning the size and optical properties in molecular nano/microcrystals: manifestation of hierarchical interactions

Intermolecular interactions, such as hydrogen bonding, dipolar and van der Waals, occurring in molecular crystals cover a range of magnitudes. As the crystal evolves from a relatively softer state in the nanoscopic size regime to a harder one in the microcrystalline and bulk solid state, the impact of the hierarchy of intermolecular interactions can be expected to emerge in a progressive fashion. The strongest interactions alone would be manifested at small sizes; as the crystal grows, the effect of the weaker ones will be added on, with the bulk crystals exhibiting the cumulative impact of the different interactions. We demonstrate this phenomenon through investigations of the solution, colloid, and solid state of a novel zwitterionic molecule based on the diaminodicyanoquinodimethane framework. A reprecipitation-digestion protocol is developed for the fabrication of nano/microcrystals of varying sizes. Microscopic and spectroscopic characterizations reveal tuning of the size and optical properties of this material. The optical absorption of the colloidal particles evolves with size towards that of the bulk solid, the emission showing a steady enhancement of intensity. Crystallographic investigations coupled with semiempirical computations provide a viable model to describe the range of observations in terms of the gradual accumulation of hierarchical intermolecular interactions

Study of correlation of structural and surface properties with electrochemical behaviour in carbon aerogels

Carbon aerogel is a promising material for electrochemical double layer capacitors. In this paper carbon aerogels prepared by subcritical drying method are investigated for the change in the structure and surface properties at different pyrolysis temperatures. The important relations between structure, morphology, surface area and electrical properties were studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy,scanning electron microscopy (SEM), surface area measurement and cyclic voltametry. It is shown that structure and the surface functional groups play important role in enhancement of electrochemical capacitance. The specific capacitance achieved was 114 F/gm which is quite large value for subcritically prepared carbon aerogels without any kind of activation process

Optical detection of antibody using silica-silver core-shell particles

Nearly monodispersed spherical particles of silica were synthesized and coated with thin layer of silver nanoparticles. Silver coated silica particles, forming core-shell particles exhibited a strong surface plasmon resonance peak at 453 nm. A very small amount (20 μg) of rabbit immunoglobulin in core-shell particle solution results in to a marked shift in surface plasmon resonance. Addition of 20 μg quantity of goat anti rabbit antibodies results in to a red shift of surface plasmon resonance to 494 nm. This demonstrates that silver coated silica particles are sensitive probes for rapid antibody-anti antibody kind of interaction investigations. Fourier transform infra red spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy have been used to interpret the optical extinction spectroscopy results

Bactériémies à streptococcus bovis (étude de 85 cas au CHU de Nancy de 1997 à 2004)

La classification actuelle intègre S. bovis au sein du complexe S. bovis/S equinus, commensal digestif de l'homme et l'animal, qui peut devenir pathogène. Il est associé aux pathologies coliques bénignes et malignes, à l'origine des bactériémies par translocation.Objectif de notre travail: analyser les caractéristiques cliniques, microbiologiqûes et évolutives des bactériémies à S. bovis au CHU de Nancy et les comparer à celles publiées dans la littérature. Méthode : analyse rétrospective des bactériémies à S. bovis répertoriées au laboratoire de bactériologie au CHU de Nancy entre 1997 et 2004. Résultats : 85 patients (68.6 ans d'âge moyen et 68.2 % d'hommes) ont présenté au moins une hémoculture à S. bovis. Un cancer colique est présent chez 11.8 % des patients. La bactériémie se complique dans 29.4 % des cas par une endocardite infectieuse avec atteinte majoritaire du cœur gauche. Seulement 28 % des malades avec endocardite ont une cardiopathie sous-jacente connue. S. bovis est sensible à l'amoxicilline (100 %) avec 25.6 %. de résistance de haut niveau à la streptomycine. Le pourcentage de décès hospitaliers immédiats est de 17.6 %. Conclusion : les bactériémies à S. bovis se compliquent dans 1/3 des cas d'endocardite infectieuse. Elles ont pour origine dans près de 12 % des cas un cancer colique qu'elles peuvent révéler. Nos données confortent celles de la littérature et l'importance d'une échographie cardiaque avec exploration digestive systématique devant toute bactériémie à S. bovis.NANCY1-SCD Medecine (545472101) / SudocPARIS-BIUM (751062103) / SudocSudocFranceF