An overview of NMR-based metabolomics to identify secondary plant compounds involved in host plant resistance

Secondary metabolites provide a potential source for the generation of host plant resistance and development of biopesticides. This is especially important in view of the rapid and vast spread of agricultural and horticultural pests worldwide. Multiple pests control tactics in the framework of an integrated pest management (IPM) programme are necessary. One important strategy of IPM is the use of chemical host plant resistance. Up to now the study of chemical host plant resistance has, for technical reasons, been restricted to the identification of single compounds applying specific chemical analyses adapted to the compound in question. In biological processes however, usually more than one compound is involved. Metabolomics allows the simultaneous detection of a wide range of compounds, providing an immediate image of the metabolome of a plant. One of the most universally used metabolomic approaches comprises nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). It has been NMR which has been applied as a proof of principle to show that metabolomics can constitute a major advancement in the study of host plant resistance. Here we give an overview on the application of NMR to identify candidate compounds for host plant resistance. We focus on host plant resistance to western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) which has been used as a model for different plant species

A summary catalogue of Western manuscripts in the Bodleian Library at Oxford which have not hitherto been catalogued in the quarto series: with references to the Oriental and other manuscripts

PREFACE After an interval of fifteen years the text of the Summary Catalogue of all MSS. acquired by the Library before 1915 is completed with the issue of the present volume. This part (volume II, part ii) contains nos. 3491-8716, thus finishing the revision of the Old Catalogue of 1697. The methods adopted are as in preceding volumes, except that it has no longer been thought necessary to invent accession numbers, which in the last volume directly followed the catalogue number. It will also be noted that the oriental cross-references are taken, as in previous volumes, from the printed catalogues or from the hand-lists, and that they are therefore neither in modern nor necessarily consistent form. The bulk of e Mus., a draft for the Marshall collection, and a few other scattered pieces, were catalogued-in part many years ago by the late mr. Madan. The Hatton collection, MSS. Dodsworth 1-60, and Casaubon's Adversaria were done by dr. Craster when he was Keeper of Western Manuscripts; and MSS. Savile 1-14, with some other Greek pieces, were catalogued by mr. Lobel, the present Keeper. For the rest I am responsible, though my labours have been much lightened by the trouble which the Librarian and the Keeper have taken in reading not only their own proofs but mine as well. Others from whom I have sought assistance at one time or another are too numerous to mention and will I hope regard this expression of my gratitude as none the less sincere because it is general. This volume contains the accessions of the later seventeenth century to 1697. Among the great variety of manuscripts dealt with are some notable early codices, specified below, and a high proportion of seventeenth century antiquarian collections, including the extensive and valuable papers of Dodsworth, Dugdale, Junius, and Marshall. According to former practice the more important items in several categories are listed hereunder.</p

Hypertension in Diabetes Study (HDS): II. Increased risk of cardiovascular complications in hypertensive type 2 diabetic patients.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the degree to which hypertension is a risk factor for macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes. DESIGN: Observational prospective study. SUBJECTS: Newly diagnosed Type 2 diabetic patients recruited into the UK Prospective Diabetes Study (n = 3648; mean age 52 years), 40% of whom were hypertensive (blood pressure &gt; or = 160 mmHg systolic and/or &gt; or = 90 mmHg diastolic or already being treated for hypertension). MEASUREMENTS: The incidence of fatal and non-fatal major diabetes- and hypertension-related clinical events was determined over a median of 4.6 years' follow-up. The 3-year change in prevalence of subclinical indices of macrovascular and microvascular disease was assessed, including ECG abnormalities (Minnesota coding), left ventricular hypertrophy (ECG and chest x-ray), microalbuminuria (albumin/creatinine ratio) and moderately severe retinopathy (grading of retinal photographs). RESULTS: The hypertensive patients had (1) a greater incidence than normotensive patients of death from diabetes-related, mainly cardiovascular events (age-adjusted odds ratio 1.82) and (2) a greater incidence of diabetes-related death and major morbidity combined, including myocardial infarctions, angina, strokes and amputation (age-adjusted odds ratio 1.56). These associations were still present after allowance for other risk factors present at the time diabetes was diagnosed. The change in the prevalence of microvascular disease over 3 years was similar in both hypertensive and normotensive subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in type 2 diabetes. Comparison with other studies suggests that patients with both hypertension and diabetes have approximately four times the cardiovascular risk of non-diabetic non-hypertensive subjects. Antihypertensive therapy may provide greater benefit in this high-risk group than in the general population