Benefits for Dominant Red Deer Hinds under a Competitive Feeding System: Food Access Behavior, Diet and Nutrient Selection

Social dominance is widely known to facilitate access to food resources in many animal species such as deer. However, research has paid little attention to dominance in ad libitum access to food because it was thought not to result in any benefit for dominant individuals. In this study we assessed if, even under ad libitum conditions, social rank may allow dominant hinds to consume the preferred components of food. Forty-four red deer hinds (Cervus elaphus) were allowed to consume ad libitum meal consisting of pellets of sunflower, lucerne and orange, and seeds of cereals, corn, cotton, and carob tree. The meal was placed only in one feeder, which reduced accessibility to a few individuals simultaneously. During seven days, feeding behavior (order of access, time to first feeding bout, total time spent feeding, and time per feeding bout) were assessed during the first hour. The relative abundance of each meal component was assessed at times 0, 1 and 5 h, as well as its nutritional composition. Social rank was positively related to the amount of time spent feeding during the 1st h (P = 0.048). Selection indices were positively correlated with energy (P = 0.018 during the 1st h and P = 0.047 from 1st to 5th) and fat (only during the 1st h; P = 0.036), but also negatively with certain minerals. Thus, dominant hinds could select high energy meal components for longer time under an ad libitum but restricted food access setting. Selection indices showed a higher selectivity when food availability was higher (1st hour respect to 1st to 5th). Finally, high and low ranking hinds had longer time per feeding bout than mid ones (P = 0.011), suggesting complex behavioral feeding tactics of low ranking social ungulates

Foraging behaviour of red deer Cervus elaphus as a function of the relative availability of two tree species

Cervid populations are rapidly increasing in many part of Western Europe, where they cause damage to forest production. This necessitates a better understanding of what determines their dietary choices. In this experiment, we investigated the relationship between the relative availability of two tree species and diet selection of red deer Cervus elaphus. Three hypotheses were tested: (i) preference for rarity, frequently asserted by foresters, (ii) preference for the more abundant profitable species, as predicted by optimal foraging models, and (iii) frequency-independent selectivity, as already observed in moose and roe deer. Six red deer hinds were therefore observed in short-duration tests when offered two plant species, willow Salix caprea and ash Fraxinus excelsior, in varying proportions. The relation between the relative consumption and availability of the two plant species revealed that red deer prefer ash to willow, and that their short-term selectivity is not a frequency-dependent process. Individual animals differed in the intensity of their preference, but all reacted similarly to variations in the relative availability of the two plant species. Our results advance our understanding of the choices of red deer at the feeding site scale, but further research is needed to propose management practices, which would take advantage of their frequency-independent selectivity.Les populations de Cervidés sont en rapide augmentation en Europe de l'ouest, où elles causent des dégâts à la forêt. Ceci nécessite de mieux comprendre les déterminants de leurs choix alimentaires. Nous avons étudié comment la disponibilité relative de deux espèces d'arbres influence les choix alimentaires du cerf Cervus elaphus en testant trois hypothèses : (i) une sélectivité accrue pour les espèces rares souvent évoquée par les forestiers, (ii) une sélectivité accrue pour l'espèce préférée lorsque son abondance augmente, prédite par les modèles d'optimisation, et (iii) une sélectivité indépendante de la disponibilité relative des espèces végétales comme cela a déjà été montré chez l'élan et le chevreuil. Nous avons pour cela observé les choix alimentaires de six biches dans des tests de courte durée, lorsqu'on faisait varier l'abondance relative du saule Salix caprea par rapport au frêne Fraxinus excelsior. La relation entre la consommation des deux espèces et leur disponibilité relative indique une préférence du cerf pour le frêne par rapport au saule, et à court terme, une sélectivité indépendante de la disponibilité relative des deux espèces. L'intensité de la préférence pour le frêne variait selon les animaux, mais ceux-ci ont réagi de manière identique aux variations d'abondance des deux espèces. Nos résultats éclairent les choix alimentaires du cerf à l'échelle du site alimentaire, mais d'autres travaux seront nécessaires pour appliquer ces résultats de manière à limiter les dégâts forestiers