955 research outputs found
Ability of LISA to detect a gravitational-wave background of cosmological origin: The cosmic string case
We investigate the ability of the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) to detect a stochastic gravitational-wave background (GWB) produced by cosmic strings, and to subsequently estimate the string tension
G
μ
in the presence of instrument noise, an astrophysical background from compact binaries, and the galactic foreground from white dwarf binaries. Fisher Information and Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods provide estimates of the LISA noise and the parameters for the different signal sources. We demonstrate the importance of including the galactic foreground as well as the astrophysical background for LISA to detect a cosmic string produced GWB and estimate the string tension. Considering the expected astrophysical background and a galactic foreground, a cosmic string tension in the
G
μ
≈
10
−
16
to
G
μ
≈
10
−
15
range or bigger could be measured by LISA, with the galactic foreground affecting this limit more than the astrophysical background. The parameter estimation methods presented here can be applied to other cosmological backgrounds in the LISA observation band
14 PROTEINASE-ACTIVATED RECEPTOR (PAR)-2 IN OSTEOARTHRITIC SUBCHONDRAL BONE OSTEOBLASTS: IDENTIFICATION OF A NEW THERAPEUTIC TARGET
The resource theory of quantum reference frames: manipulations and monotones
Every restriction on quantum operations defines a resource theory,
determining how quantum states that cannot be prepared under the restriction
may be manipulated and used to circumvent the restriction. A superselection
rule is a restriction that arises through the lack of a classical reference
frame and the states that circumvent it (the resource) are quantum reference
frames. We consider the resource theories that arise from three types of
superselection rule, associated respectively with lacking: (i) a phase
reference, (ii) a frame for chirality, and (iii) a frame for spatial
orientation. Focussing on pure unipartite quantum states (and in some cases
restricting our attention even further to subsets of these), we explore
single-copy and asymptotic manipulations. In particular, we identify the
necessary and sufficient conditions for a deterministic transformation between
two resource states to be possible and, when these conditions are not met, the
maximum probability with which the transformation can be achieved. We also
determine when a particular transformation can be achieved reversibly in the
limit of arbitrarily many copies and find the maximum rate of conversion. A
comparison of the three resource theories demonstrates that the extent to which
resources can be interconverted decreases as the strength of the restriction
increases. Along the way, we introduce several measures of frameness and prove
that these are monotonically nonincreasing under various classes of operations
that are permitted by the superselection rule.Comment: 37 pages, 4 figures, Published Versio
High-fidelity transmission of entanglement over a high-loss freespace channel
Quantum entanglement enables tasks not possible in classical physics. Many
quantum communication protocols require the distribution of entangled states
between distant parties. Here we experimentally demonstrate the successful
transmission of an entangled photon pair over a 144 km free-space link. The
received entangled states have excellent, noise-limited fidelity, even though
they are exposed to extreme attenuation dominated by turbulent atmospheric
effects. The total channel loss of 64 dB corresponds to the estimated
attenuation regime for a two-photon satellite quantum communication scenario.
We confirm that the received two-photon states are still highly entangled by
violating the CHSH inequality by more than 5 standard deviations. From a
fundamental point of view, our results show that the photons are virtually not
subject to decoherence during their 0.5 ms long flight through air, which is
encouraging for future world-wide quantum communication scenarios.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures, replaced paper with published version, added
journal referenc
A multiscale active structural model of the arterial wall accounting for smooth muscle dynamics
Arterial wall dynamics arise from the synergy of passive mechano-elastic properties of the vascular tissue and the active contractile behaviour of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) that form the media layer of vessels. We have developed a computational framework that incorporates both these components to account for vascular responses to mechanical and pharmacological stimuli. To validate the proposed framework and demonstrate its potential for testing hypotheses on the pathogenesis of vascular disease, we have employed a number of pharmacological probes that modulate the arterial wall contractile machinery by selectively inhibiting a range of intracellular signalling pathways. Experimental probes used on ring segments from the rabbit central ear artery are: phenylephrine, a selective α1-adrenergic receptor agonist that induces vasoconstriction; cyclopiazonic acid (CPA), a specific inhibitor of sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase; and ryanodine, a diterpenoid that modulates Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. These interventions were able to delineate the role of membrane versus intracellular signalling, previously identified as main factors in smooth muscle contraction and the generation of vessel tone. Each SMC was modelled by a system of nonlinear differential equations that account for intracellular ionic signalling, and in particular Ca2+ dynamics. Cytosolic Ca2+ concentrations formed the catalytic input to a cross-bridge kinetics model. Contractile output from these cellular components forms the input to the finite-element model of the arterial rings under isometric conditions that reproduces the experimental conditions. The model does not account for the role of the endothelium, as the nitric oxide production was suppressed by the action of L-NAME, and also due to the absence of shear stress on the arterial ring, as the experimental set-up did not involve flow. Simulations generated by the integrated model closely matched experimental observations qualitatively, as well as quantitatively within a range of physiological parametric values. The model also illustrated how increased intercellular coupling led to smooth muscle coordination and the genesis of vascular tone
Using LES to Study Reacting Flows and Instabilities in Annular Combustion Chambers
Great prominence is put on the design of aeronautical gas turbines due to increasingly stringent regulations and the need to tackle rising fuel prices. This drive towards innovation has resulted sometimes in new concepts being prone to combustion instabilities. In the particular field of annular combustion chambers, these instabilities often take the form of azimuthal modes. To predict these modes, one must compute the full combustion chamber, which remained out of reach until very recently and the development of massively parallel computers. Since one of the most limiting factors in performing Large Eddy Simulation (LES) of real combustors is estimating the adequate grid, the effects of mesh resolution are investigated by computing full annular LES of a realistic helicopter combustion chamber on three grids, respectively made of 38, 93 and 336 million elements. Results are compared in terms of mean and fluctuating fields. LES captures self-established azimuthal modes. The presence and structure of the modes is discussed. This study therefore highlights the potential of LES for studying combustion instabilities in annular gas turbine combustors
Secretion of a functional soluble form of neutral endopeptidase-24.11 from a baculovirus-infected insect cell line
Complete experimental toolbox for alignment-free quantum communication
Quantum communication employs the counter-intuitive features of quantum
physics to perform tasks that are im- possible in the classical world. It is
crucial for testing the foundations of quantum theory and promises to rev-
olutionize our information and communication technolo- gies. However, for two
or more parties to execute even the simplest quantum transmission, they must
establish, and maintain, a shared reference frame. This introduces a
considerable overhead in communication resources, par- ticularly if the parties
are in motion or rotating relative to each other. We experimentally demonstrate
how to circumvent this problem with the efficient transmission of quantum
information encoded in rotationally invariant states of single photons. By
developing a complete toolbox for the efficient encoding and decoding of
quantum infor- mation in such photonic qubits, we demonstrate the fea- sibility
of alignment-free quantum key-distribution, and perform a proof-of-principle
alignment-free entanglement distribution and violation of a Bell inequality.
Our scheme should find applications in fundamental tests of quantum mechanics
and satellite-based quantum communication.Comment: Main manuscript: 7 pages, 3 figures; Supplementary Information: 7
pages, 3 figure
- …