The blunted effect of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide in subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue in obese subjects is partly reversed by weight loss

BACKGROUND: Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) appears to have impaired effect on subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue metabolism in obese subjects. The aim of the present study was to examine whether weight loss may reverse the impaired effect of GIP on subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue in obese subjects. METHODS: Five obese males participated in a 12-week weight loss program, which consisted of caloric restriction (800 Cal day(−)(1)) followed by 4 weeks of weight-maintenance diet. Before and after weight loss, subcutaneous adipose tissue lipid metabolism was studied by conducting regional measurements of arterio-venous plasma concentrations of metabolites and blood flow (adipose tissue blood flow, ATBF) across a segment of the abdominal adipose tissue in the fasting state and during GIP infusion (1.5 pmol kg(−)(1 )min(−)(1)) in combination with a hyperinsulinemic–hyperglycemic clamp. RESULTS: After weight loss (7.5±0.8 kg), glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity increased significantly as expected. No significant differences were seen in basal ATBF before (1.3±0.4 ml min(−1) 100 g tissue(−1)) and after weight loss (2.1±0.4 ml min(−1) 100 g tissue)(−1); however, a tendency to increase was seen. After weight loss, GIP infusion increased ATBF significantly (3.2±0.1 ml min(−1) 100 g tissue(−1)) whereas there was no increase before weight loss. Triacylglycerol (TAG) uptake did not change after weight loss. Baseline free fatty acid (FFA) and glycerol output increased significantly after weight loss, P<0.001. During the clamp period, FFA and glycerol output declined significantly, P<0.05, with no differences before and after weight loss. Weight loss increased glucose uptake and decreased FFA/glycerol ratio during the clamp period, P<0.05. CONCLUSIONS: In obese subjects, weight loss, induced by calorie restriction, improves the blunted effect of GIP on subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue metabolism

Multifocal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation — a novel paradigm in migraine treatment

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation method used for analyzing structural and functional interactions in brain, assess cortical reactivity, and map functionally relevant brain regions inducing a controlled current pulse in a defined region of the cortex. From a clinical point of view, TMS has shown promising results in the therapeutic approach in a large number of psychiatric and neurological conditions such as anxiety, depression, OCD, headache disorders—migraine being one of the most encountered, etc. In patients with migraine, the pharmacologic therapy can be divided in abortive and preventive treatment of the attack. Usually the treatment is started with simple analgesics and non-steroidal inflammatory; nevertheless, many individuals continue to have attacks refractory to various prophylactic and/or abortive therapies, while others are at high risk of developing medication overuse headache. Among non-pharmacologic therapies TMS has been broadly studied as a preventive migraine treatment with good outcome results

Migraine induced by hypoxia: an MRI spectroscopy and angiography study

Neuro Imaging Researc