Vektorski odnos ofiostomatoidnih gljiva i Ips amitinus (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) na smreci ovisno o vremenu naseljavanja, položaju na stablu i fazi razvoja

The small spruce bark beetle Ips amitinus is predominantly found in the spruce forests in mountainous areas of Central Europe. Its most important host trees are Norway spruce (Picea abies) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris). Under favourable weather and trophic conditions, this bark beetle can become dangerous, particularly for younger trees and plantations. The climate changes that we face today can be favourable to the species, which had not been economically important in the past but is currently causing forest damage. Information about the ecological/biological characteristics of I. amitinus in the literature is rare, especially for bark beetle–fungi associations; though bark beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) species are known to be associated with variety of fungi. We investigated the factors affecting the associations of ophiostomatoid fungi with I. amitinus on Norway spruce. Material for this study was collected in the year 2010 near Dravograd, in north Slovenia, where Norway spruce trees were felled during the winter windthrow. Four hundred and forty-two samples (bark beetles and infested samples from wood discs, from two trees at 0.5 m, 6 m and 15 meters above the stump) were taken for ophiostomatoid fungi investigation. Isolation yielded a total of 625 isolates. Ophiostomatoid fungi were the most numerously represented group. Identified fungal isolates belonged to ten species. The most commonly found fungal associate was Ophiostoma brunneo-ciliatum, followed by Grosmannia penicillata, Ophiostoma bicolor, Ceratocystiopsis minuta, Grosmannia piceiperda, Endoconidiophora polonica, Ophiostoma piceae, Ophiostoma fuscum, Grosmannia cucullata, Graphium fimbriisporum. The association with O. fuscum, G. cucullata and G. fimbriisporum have not been demonstrated previously. The differences in distribution of fungi over different beetle life stages (adults, larvae, pupae) and infested wood were investigated.Mali osmerozubi smrekov pisar Ips amitinus najčešće naseljava smreku u montanskima područjima Središnje Europe. Najvažniji domaćin je obična smreka (Picea abies) i bijeli bor (Pinus sylvestris). U ugodnim vremenskim i trofičnim uvjetima, potkornjak postaje opasan, posebno za mlađa stabla u plantažama. Klimatske promjene, s kojima se suočavamo danas, mogu biti povoljne za vrste koje nisu bile ekonomski važne u prošlosti, a u zadnje vrijeme počinju pričinjavati štete u šumama. Informacije o ekološkim/biološkim obilježjima I. amitinus su u literaturi rijetke, posebice za asocijacije potkornjaka i gljiva; iako je poznato da su vrste potkornjaka (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) povezane s različitim gljivama. Istraživali smo čimbenike koji utječu na asocijacije ofiostomatoidnih gljiva s I. amitinus na običnoj smreki. Materijal za studiju bio je prikupljen 2010. godine u blizini Dravograda, na sjeveru Slovenije, gdje je u zimskim vjetrovima bila porušena obična smreka. Za izolacije ofiostomatoidnih gljiva prikupili smo 442 uzorka (kukci i zaraženo drvo - uzorci iz drvenih diskova, s dva stabla na 0,5 m, 6 m i 15 metara iznad panja). Uzeto je ukupno 625 izolata. Ofiostomatoidne gljive su bile najbrojnije zastupljene skupine. Identificirali smo deset vrsta gljiva. Najčešća je bila Ophiostoma brunneo-ciliatum, slijedile su Grosmannia penicillata, Ophiostoma bicolor, Ceratocystiopsis minuta, Grosmannia piceiperda, Endoconidiophora polonica, Ophiostoma piceae, Ophiostoma fuscum, Grosmannia cucullata, Graphium fimbriisporum. Povezanost I. amitinus s O. fuscum, G. cucullata i G. fimbriisporum bila je prvi put potvrđena. Istraživali smo razlike u pojavljivanju pojedinih vrsta gljiva u različitim stadijima života potkornjaka (adulti, ličinke, kukuljice) i zaraženih uzoraka drva

Urban trees and their management in Lesce

V Lescah smo naredili inventuro 725 osebkov drevnine, od tega je bilo 79,2 % dreves in 20,8 % grmov. Izmerili smo obseg v prsni višini in višino, ocenili vitalnost in poškodovanost ter predlagali ukrepe za nego in vzdrževanje. V Lescah prevladuje mlada, na novo posajena drevnina (58,2 %). Za mlado drevninosmo predlagali 171 vseh ukrepov ali 75,3 %. Nobeno staro drevo ni vitalno, kar 84,6 % jih je poškodovanih. Med Leščani smo izvedli anketo o njihovem mnenju glede drevnine in zelenih površin v Lescah. Ugotovili smo, da si krajani želijo zelenje v svojem okolju, da pa potrebujejo nasvete in usmerjanje strokovnjaka pri vzdrževanju, negi, sajenju. Ugotovili smo tudi, dani razlik v mnenju ljudi, ki se ukvarjajo z drevnino, in tistimi, ki se ne.We made an inventory of trees and shrubs in Lesce, which included 725 individuals. They comprised mainly trees (79.8 %), while shrubs were less abundant (20.2 %). Each individual was given a serial number, and the following characteristics were recorded: locationdimensions (height and diameter at breast height)vitality: visible damageand recommendations for further tending. In Lesce young, recently planted trees and shrubs were common(58.2 %), for which we suggested 171 or 75.3 % from all measures. Old trees were not vital, and 84.6 % of them showed damage. Among the inhabitants of Lesce we made a survey regarding their opinion toward trees and shrubs and green spaces in Lesce. We discovered that residents wanted greenery in their environment but they needed suggestions and help from professionals regarding maintenance, care and planting. We found that there was no difference between people who were involved in maintaining greenery and those who were not

Vektorski odnos ofiostomatoidnih gljiva i Ips amitinus (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) na smreci ovisno o vremenu naseljavanja, položaju na stablu i fazi razvoja

The small spruce bark beetle Ips amitinus is predominantly found in the spruce forests in mountainous areas of Central Europe. Its most important host trees are Norway spruce (Picea abies) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris). Under favourable weather and trophic conditions, this bark beetle can become dangerous, particularly for younger trees and plantations. The climate changes that we face today can be favourable to the species, which had not been economically important in the past but is currently causing forest damage. Information about the ecological/biological characteristics of I. amitinus in the literature is rare, especially for bark beetle%fungi associationsthough bark beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) species are known to be associated with variety of fungi. We investigated the factors affecting the associations of ophiostomatoid fungi with I. amitinus on Norway spruce. Material for this study was collected in the year 2010 near Dravograd, in north Slovenia, where Norway spruce trees were felled during the winter windthrow. Four hundred and forty-two samples (bark beetles and infested samples from wood discs, from two trees at 0.5 m, 6 m and 15 meters above the stump) were taken for ophiostomatoid fungi investigation. Isolation yielded a total of 625 isolates. Ophiostomatoid fungi were the most numerously represented group. Identified fungal isolates belonged to ten species. The most commonly found fungal associate was Ophiostoma brunneo-ciliatum, followed by Grosmannia penicillata, Ophiostoma bicolor, Ceratocystiopsis minuta, Grosmannia piceiperda, Endoconidiophora polonica, Ophiostoma piceae, Ophiostoma fuscum, Grosmannia cucullata, Graphium fimbriisporum. The association with O. fuscum, G. cucullata and G. fimbriisporum have not been demonstrated previously. The differences in distribution of fungi over different beetle life stages (adults, larvae, pupae) and infested wood were investigated

Upravljanje prostoživečih živali čezmejnega območja Julijskih Alp na primeru alpskega kozoroga in severnega (alpskega) gamsa

Ekološka povezljivost je osnova, ki omogoča naravne procese vrst, kot so pretok genov, selitev, širjenje arealov vrst, in je pomembna za dolgoročno ohranjanje vrst ter njihovih habitatov. Za zagotavljanje ekološke povezljivosti je bistvena fizična povezanost habitatov in enostavno prehajanje osebkov ter vrst med njimi. Ovira za prehajanje organizmov in ohranjanje vrst med državami so razlike v politikah, zakonodaji in upravljanju prostoživečih živali. Neusklajeno upravljanje s prostoživečimi živalmi na obeh straneh državne meje lahko povzroči težave pri povezovanju populacij nekaterih vrst, ker vpliva na gibanje in vedenje živali. Zato so čezmejna zavarovana območja pomembna za zagotavljanje ekološke povezljivosti med dvema državama ali več. Za alpski prostor sta pomembni vrsti alpski kozorog (Capra ibex) in severni (alpski) gams (Rupicapra rupicapra). Zato smo za čezmejno območje Julijskih Alp (velikost 289.660 ha), ki leži med Italijo in Slovenijo, v projektih AlpBioNet2030 in DINALPCONNECT analizirali stanje in upravljanje obeh vrst ter predlagali izboljšave upravljanja s ciljem izboljšati stanje populacij in zagotoviti ekološko povezljivost habitata za vrste na širšem čezmejnem območju. Od leta 2017 smo izpeljali štiri čezmejne delavnice z deležniki z italijanske in slovenske strani (predstavniki lovcev, lastnikov zemljišč, upravljavcev zavarovanih območij, gozdarjev, odločevalcev na nacionalni in regionalni ravni (ministrstva, občine) ter varstva narave). Rezultat participativnega procesa je čezmejni koncept celostnega upravljanja z alpskim kozorogom in severnim (alpskim) gamsom ter njunima habitatoma, ki vsebuje vizijo in strategijo čezmejnega upravljanja ter akcijski načrt na čezmejnem območju Julijskih Alp.Ecological connectivity enables natural processes such as gene flow, migration, and species range shifts, and is therefore important for the long-term conservation of species and their habitats. To ensure ecological connectivity, the physical connection of habitat patches, and unimpeded movement of the organisms between them are essential. Barriers for transboundary movement of organisms between countries are the differences in the politics, legislation, and management of wildlife. Inconsistent management of wildlife can cause problems in the connectivity of some species’ populations on both sides of the country border, which affects the movement and behaviour of the animals. Therefore, trans-boundary protected areas play an important role in ensuring ecological connectivity between two or more countries. Two important wildlife species for the Alpine area are Alpine ibex (Capra ibex) and northern (Alpine) chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra). Therefore, in the AlpBioNet2030 and DINALPCONNECT projects, we analysed the condition and management of both species in the Julian Alps trans-boundary area (size 289.660 ha), situated between Italy and Slovenia. Furthermore, we proposed changes in management to improve the populations’ condition and ensure ecological connectivity of the habitat for the species in the wider trans-boundary area. Since 2017, we have carried out four trans-boundary workshops with stakeholders from Italy and Slovenia (representatives of hunters, landowners, protected area managers, foresters, decision-makers on the national and regional level (ministries, municipalities), and nature conservationists). The result of the participative process is a trans-boundary management concept of the Alpine ibex and northern (Alpine) chamois populations and their habitat, which incorporates the vision and strategy of the trans-boundary management and action plan in the Julian Alps trans-boundary area

Ophiostomatoid fungi associated with three spruce-infesting bark beetles in Slovenia

Ophiostomatoid fungi can severely affect the health and economic value of Norway spruce trees (Picea abies). Although the diversity of ophiostomatoid species and their associations with insects have been well-investigated in central and northern Europe, little is known about the conditions in south-eastern Europe

Alpine Ibex Nativeness in Slovenia

Alpski kozorog (Capra ibex) je alpski endemit. Na območju Slovenije naj bi bila vrsta iztrebljena v drugi polovici 17. stoletja, globalno pa je bila zaradi prelova na robu izumrtja konec 19. stoletja. Preživela je le populacija na širšem območju parka Gran Paradiso na skrajnem zahodu Alp v Italiji. Zaradi naselitev in drugih varstvenih programov sedaj alpski kozorog živi v celotnih Alpah, vključno s Slovenijo. Vendar pri nas njegove populacije nazadujejo in so v zelo slabem stanju, kar je lahko rezultat več dejavnikov. Malo izvornih osebkov ob naselitvah, zgodovinska ozka grla in ločenost kolonij so povzročili parjenje v sorodstvu, kar je slabšalo genetsko stanje populacij in lahko negativno vpliva tudi na demografijo. K številčnemu zmanjševanju vrste so lahko prispevale tudi bolezni. Za dolgoročno ohranitev alpskega kozoroga v Sloveniji so nujni takojšnji aktivni ohranitveni ukrepi, pogoj pa je ustrezna opredelitev izvornosti vrste, saj je (bila) zaradi prejšnjih pomanjkljivih podatkov umeščena med tujerodne. V prispevku na podlagi arheo-zooloških, genetskih in preliminarnih habitatnih analiz utemeljujemo, da je v Sloveniji kozorog domorodna vrsta. V raziskavah smo pokazali, da je vrsta živela na ozemlju zdajšnje Slovenije v poznoantičnem in zgodnje srednjeveškem obdobju. Preliminarno smo določili tudi primernost in povezanost habitata kozoroga v slovenskem alpskem svetu ter nakazali verjetne potrebne ukrepe za ohranitev vrste v Sloveniji.Alpine ibex (Capra ibex) is an Alpine endemic species. In the area of Slovenia, the species is supposed to have been eradicated in the second half of the 17th century, and globally, it was on the brink of extinction due to the overhunting at the end of the 19th century. Only the population in the wider area of the Gran Paradiso Park on the utmost west part of the Alps in Italy. Due to the reintroductions and other protection programs, alpine ibex now inhabits the entire Alps, including Slovenia. However, its populations in Slovenia are declining and are in a very poor condition, which can be a result of several factors. Inbreeding resulting from small founder populations, historical bottlenecks, and colony isolation has compromised genetic diversity, potentially impacting demographic outcomes as well. In addition, diseases could have added to the decline of the species. Immediate conservation measures are necessary for the long-term conservation of alpine ibex in Slovenia, with a prerequisite being the proper determination of the species’ nativeness, as it was previously misclassified as non-native due to insufficient data. In our article, based on the archeozoological, genetic, and preliminary habitat analyses we explain that the alpine ibex is an autochthonous species in Slovenia. In our studies, we have shown that the species lived in the area of the present Slovenia in the late antiquity and early medieval era. We also preliminarily determined suitability and connectivity of the alpine ibex habitat in the Slovenian Alpine region and indicated the probable measures needed for the conservation of the species in Slovenia