Diabetic eye screening in multi ethnic population of Malaysia: epidemiological risk factors for development of diabetic retinopathy

Background:The objective of this study is to evaluate epidemiological risk factors for development of diabetic retinopathy.Methods:The cases of type-2 diabetes mellitus attending Melaka Manipal medical college, Malaysia were retrospectively reviewed. The epidemiological characteristics of diabetic retinopathy were estimated. The cases were graded according to degree of retinopathy in to: non-diabetic retinopathy group and diabetic retinopathy. Clinical and biochemical studies were used for studying the risk factors associated with development of retinopathy.Results:The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in the population was 21% in known diabetic subjects and was significantly higher in men than in women (21.3% vs. 14.6%) with increasing age and duration of diabetes. Ethnicity is a complex, independent risk factor for diabetic retinopathy. Sight threatening diabetic retinopathy, and clinically significant macular edema was higher in people of Malaysia (20%) when compared with Chinese (16%) and Indonesians (12%). In all, 55 percent of patients with known diabetes mellitus had never undergone an eye examination. Among patients who had undergone eye examinations, 32.8 percent had the last examination within the last one year, 49.8 percent within the last one to two years, and 17.4 percent more than two years ago.Conclusion:Diabetic retinopathy is highly prevalent in the patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus in Malaysia. Besides blood glucose, many factors are associated with the present and development of diabetic retinopathy.

Laboratory diagnosis of urinary tract infections using diagnostics tests in adult patients

Background:The primary aim of this study was to evaluate laboratory diagnosis of urinary tract infection using diagnostics tests in adult patients.Methods:Among the diagnostic tests, urinalysis is useful mainly for excluding bacteriuria. For isolation of pathogenic bacteria semiquantitative culture techniques was used and biochemical tests were done to differentiate Gram +ve and Gram –ve bacteria.Results: The incidence of pathogenic infection caused by Escherichia coli accounts for 216 cases (60%) followed by Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella.Conclusion:Physicians should distinguish urinary tract infections caused by different organisms for an effective treatment and appropriate clinical information gives clues for better diagnostic evaluation and their susceptibility to antimicrobial agents as well addressing host factors that contribute to the occurrence of infection

DIABETIC RETINOPATHY: IMPORTANCE OF PRIMARY CARE PHYSCIAN IN SCREENING

Objective: The  objective of   this study  is  importance  of  primary care physician in screening  diabetic  retinopahy   patientsMaterial and  Methods  : Patients of  type-2  diabetes mellitus  attending  diabetic clinic in melaka  manipal  medical college , malaysia were  prospectively  reviewed. Risk factors associated   in  study  population were  assessed  by  biochemical parameters, clinical examination  , retinal photographs  and  referred  to  ophthalmology  clinic.Results: The  prevalence of  non  proliferative and  proliferative diabetic retinopathy  with  type-2 diabetic  patients  was 17%  and 1%   with  history of decreased  in vision  above age group of  50 years  . In addition  the  risk  factors  in the  study group  associated with  the  development  of diabetic retinopathy  are   uncontrolled  HbA1c  levels (  27%) , high BMI  (38%  ),  increased total cholesterol (9% )  , uncontrolled fasting blood sugar levels (47%),   and  increased  duration of diabetes.Conclusion: Diabetic  retinopahy  is highly prevalent in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus. Our findings  indicates  primary care physicians  are   well educated  in regards to diabetic eye disease  and  in identification  of  risk factors due  to  number of  years experience.Keywords:  Proliferative and non proliferative diabetic retinopathy, risk factors, visual disability, type -2 diabetes mellitusÂ

Fischer cyclization over molecular sieves in presence of microwave irradiation^†

1075-1077Tetrahydrocarbazole has been synthesized from phenylhydrazine and cyclohexanone over various molecular sieve catalysts in presence of microwave irradiation. The yield of tetrahydrocarbazole is ~83% over HMCM-41 molecular sieve in a solvent-free system in presence of microwaves. The yield varies with respect to the microwave power. Various similar type of reactions have also been carried out

A novel, shape-selective, zeolite-catalyzed synthesis of calix(4) pyrroles

Porosity and acidity of molecular sieve Al-MCM-41 (ca. 30 Å pore diameter) plays a crucial role in the synthesis of novel calix(4)pyrroles; for the first time, Al-MCM-41 has been used as a solid acid catalyst to produce a number of calix(4)pyrroles with good selectivity and yields where zeolite HY (ca. 7.6 Å pore diameter) yields mainly the linear chain dimer and no cyclic products