Design considerations for prosthetic knees in Developing countries

Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2009.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.Includes bibliographical references (p. 24-25).Introduction: The design of prosthetic limbs is a complicated problem that continues to receive significant attention in research labs and in industry throughout the world. The idea of getting a machine to match human performance is an enticing one, and thus research continues to pursue the challenge of designing devices that can replace the functionality lost via limb amputation. Designers of prosthetics for developing countries face similar challenges. However, that challenge is also supplemented with a number of other contextual factors and considerations that must be made as a designer. As described by Cummings', these factors are social, economic, cultural, and geographic, and also include locally available forms of technology and time and distance constraints. These considerations further complicate the design process, especially for an engineer inexperienced with designing for the developing world and unfamiliar with the specific developing world environment being designed for. These topics have been covered in bits and pieces throughout the literature; this document attempts to cover them all thoroughly and in a logical way. This thesis also aims to provide some mechanism by which the challenge of designing a prosthetic knee for the developing world can be broken down and tackled effectively to yield an appropriate knee design. As amputees in the developing world are often subject to an inescapable life of poverty because they are unable to work and support their families, there is a strong impetus to design effective limbs for this population. This document intends to help facilitate that process. This thesis is inspired by a prosthetic knee design project that began in the class Developing World Prosthetics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in its inaugural term, spring 2008. Though the project was successful in many ways, the design process maybe could have been more effective with a stronger foundation in all the areas that will be covered below. This thesis primarily uses literature review to provide insight into human gait and amputee characteristics, as well as developing world considerations for designers of prosthetic limbs. The aim is to provide a foundation by which one can design effective and appropriate prosthetic devices. A metric is also developed by which those developing world considerations can be managed, weighed and incorporated into the design. In this case, experience and observations from the author's work on prosthetics in India are used to assess the contexts and contributions of various developing world factors to the successful incorporation of a prosthetic knee design into that environment. The document uses India as a case study; however, the thesis should serve as a generalized manual for developing world prosthetic knee design. This document begins with a presentation of human gait characteristics presented in a variety of contexts that can be useful to the designer of a prosthetic knee for the developing world. Then, basic mechanical components that are often used in prosthetic knee design are described, using examples. Finally, a thorough description of the many developing world factors that must be understood to design a sustainable prosthetic knee are discussed, and a table is presented by which those factors can be simply reviewed.by Karina N. Pikhart.S.B

Agency, Liberation, and Intersectionality among Latina Scholars: Narratives from a Cross-institutional Writing Collective

Among United States residents, the number of doctoral degrees conferred to Latinx students represents a small percentage compared to other groups. For example, from 2009–2010, the percentage of degrees conferred to Latinx students was 5 percent compared to 74 percent for White students, 11 percent for Asian/Pacific Islanders, 7 percent for African Americans, and 0.7 percent for Indian/Alaska Natives. During the same period, the proportion of doctoral degrees conferred to females was 55 percent for Latinas compared to 65 percent for African American students, 56 percent for Asian/Pacific students, 54 percent for American Indian/Alaska Native students, and 51 percent for White female students (National Center for Education Statistics). Historically, underrepresented minority (URM) students encounter a plethora of issues that influence their educational experiences, yet there is a scarcity of scholarship that elucidates the quality of experience of women of color (WOC) pursuing doctorate degrees (Aryan and Guzman). As multi-marginalized, firstgeneration college students, we continuously struggle to find a place within higher education. Our educational pathways to becoming doctoral recipients have occurred primarily within the context of alienation, significantly influencing our need to connect with other WOC who have also felt isolated and disconnected. Consequently, we needed to find each other because knowing that there were other Latinas in doctoral programs, and actually getting to know them, validated our existence within academiaUniversity Writing Cente

Penentuan Nilai Sun Protection Factor (Spf) Ekstrak dan Fraksi Rimpang Lengkuas (Alpinia Galanga) sebagai Tabir Surya dengan Metode Spektrofotometri Uv-vis

Besarnya kemampuan tabir surya ditentukan melalui nilai SPF yang menyatakan lamanya kulit seseorang berada dibawah sinar matahari tanpa mengalami sengatan surya. Penelitian inibertujuan untuk memperkirakan nilai SPF dari ekstrak etanol, fraksi n-heksan, fraksi etil asetatdan fraksi air rimpang lengkuas (Alpinia galanga). Rimpang A. galanga memiliki kandunganmetil sinamat yang dapat berkhasiat sebagai tabir surya. Penelitian dilakukan secara in vitromenggunakan metode Spektrofotometri UV-Vis. Absorbansi ekstrak dan fraksi rimpang A.galanga diukur pada panjang gelombang sinar UV-B yaitu 290-320 nm. Penentuan nilai SPFdidasarkan pada persamaan Mansur. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol danfraksi air rimpang A. galanga memiliki aktivitas perlindungan yang minimal dengan nilai SPFmasing-masing 0,69±0,13 dan 1,49±0,53. Fraksi n-heksan memiliki aktivitas perlindungan ekstradengan nilai SPF 7,21±0,38. Fraksi etil asetat memiliki nilai SPF paling tinggi yaitu 7,75±0,17dengan kategori perlindungan ekstra. Hasil analisis data menunjukkan adanya perbedaansignifikan antara ekstrak etanol rimpang A. galanga dengan fraksi n-heksan, fraksi etil asetat danfraksi air. Pada penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa fraksi etil asetat rimpang A. galangamemiliki nilai SPF paling tinggi sehingga berpotensi sebagai tabir surya terhadap proteksi sinarUV-B

Perceptions of School Administrators on the Role of Support Systems in Attrition Among Principals and Assistant Principals

School administrators hold complex, varied, and challenging roles. As literature has suggested, these campus leaders must acquire a vast amount of information and knowledge during their formative years in leadership. Yet, the majority have reported that educational preparation programs do not adequately prepare them for the realities of their roles. Without purposeful, structured guidance, school administrators are left to navigate the complexities of their roles with little support or in isolation, which leads to exhaustion, burnout, and attrition. Attrition results in instability for teachers and students and has a financial impact for school districts. The district of study has experienced a high rate of school administrator turnover. Thus, the purpose of this qualitative descriptive study was to explore the perspectives of school administrators in order to better understand how their experiences were reflected in the turnover rate of leaders, why attrition was happening, and whether levels of support were accelerating their departure. Current and former school administrators from the study district participated in semistructured interviews and a focus group. The interviews and focus group session were recorded and transcribed. Data were then coded, and an inductive thematic analysis was conducted to construct six final themes. These themes included career progression, culture, essential characteristics and skills, nature of the work, relationship between principals and assistant principals, and support. The findings from this study revealed that there are specific, high-leverage support systems that school districts can implement and provide to help alleviate the challenges inherent to the school administrator role, to enhance the work that they carry out, and to mitigate attrition

Pola Resistensi Staphylococcus Koagulase Negatif Terhadap Antibiotik Yang Diisolasi Dari Kultur Darah Neonatus Tersangka Sepsis Di Instalasi Perawatan Neonatus RSUD Arifin Achmad Provinsi Riau Periode 01 Januari-31 Desember 2014

Neonatal sepsis is one of several most common causes of neonates mortality in developing countries. Neonatal sepsis is defined as a disseminated disease with positive blood culture during the first month of life. The aim of this study was to find how many cultures presented positive and negative results and also to detect the most common bacterial causes of neonatal sepsis and determination of their sensitivity to antibiotics. This research design using a descriptive study with retrospective approach. The sampling technique is performed by total sapling method adn the amount of sample is 568 blood cultures which 196 reported as positive (34,51%) and 372 reported as negative (65,49%). The most common isolated bacteria were coagulase negative Staphylococcus (29,08%), Burkholderia cepacia (12,76%), Acinetobacter baumanii (9,18%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (8,16%), Escherichia coli (4,08%) and, Enterobacter aerogenes (4,98%). Neonatal sepsis caused by infection of coagulase negative Staphylococcus can be treated by vancomycin, linezolid and tigecycline

Pengolahan Limbah Cair Industri Alkohol Bekonang Menggunakan Proses Fermentasi

This study aims to determine: (1) Wastewater treatment Bekonang alcohol industry using fermentation methods; (2) The content of wastewater alcohol Bekonang; (3) Glucose levels contained in wastewater alcohol Bekonang; (4) The optimum time alcoholic fermentation of liquid industrial waste Bekonang to produce the highest ethanol content. This study used an experimental method. Alcohol industry wastewater comes from Sembung, Bekonang, Mojolaban, Sukoharjo . The first step is to test the alcohol industry wastewater Bekonang with benedict test, Seliwanoff's test and the iodine test. Then analyzing glucose levels using Somogyi Nelson method. The second stage is fermentation process, namely in the form of liquid waste mixing with 0,529 grams of urea, NPK much as 0,106 g and 0,212 g Saccaromyces cerevisiae as to the erlenmeyer. Erlenmeyer sealed and allowed to stand for 24 , 48 , 72 , 96 and 120 hours. For the standing variation, waste water settling in advance for 2 , 6 and 10 days and then fermented for 96 hours . The third stage is the process of distillation of the fermented at a temperature of 70-800C. The last stage is to determine the concentration of ethanol by using Gas Chromatography (GC) by comparing the area of standards and an area of the sample. Based on this study it can be concluded that : (1) Waste water treatment Bekonang alcohol industry can use the method of fermentation to produce ethanol again; (2) Alcohol industry wastewater containing dextrin identified by test benedict , Seliwanoff's test and test iodine; (3) Glucose contained in wastewater alcohol Bekonang is 1,3285 %; (4) The optimum time alcoholic fermentation of liquid industrial waste Bekonang is 96 hours due to ethanol results obtained showed the highest ethanol content is 81.83

Analisis Pengaruh Faktor Lokasi, Kualitas Layanan, dan Harga terhadap Kepuasan Pelanggan Produk Abon Sapi di Toko Kl Noeria Surakarta

The study was aimed to determine the factors that affect costumer satisfaction of side dish product (abon) at store KL Noeria Surakarta. The method used in this study is a survey method of data collection using questionnaires in Accidental Sampling Method with a number of respondents were taken as 50 people. The results showed that the Location Factor was not give affect for costumer satisfaction side dish product at store KL Noeria Surakarta. Even though, Service quality factor) and Price, significantly affect costumer satisfaction side dish product at store KL Noeria Surakarta. All factors contributed 45,6 percent of for costumer satisfaction side dish product at store KL Noeria Surakarta. Partially, the variables most affect positively and significantly to costumer satisfaction side dish product is service quality factor