A Study about Unemployment in India – 2004 - 2018

Unemployment is one of the growing economic concerns for a developing country like India, which has the world’s largest youth population. Young Indians face a lot of barriers due to poverty and lack of technical skills required to get into the right job. Though there are a lot of reforms in the education sector, gaining a stable position in the labor market is difficult. Most men in rural areas are now shifting to casual jobs rather than farming activities and women tend to be self-employed. This paper explores the trend in the unemployment rate from 2004 -2018. It provides an overall analysis of the unemployment rate among males and females, rural and urban areas, states and the union territories as well as the relationship between GSDP and unemployment. The paper provides a comparative analysis on the unemployment rate during the Covid-19 pandemic

A comparative study on the lipid peroxidation and total antioxidant status in patients with and without varicose veins

Background: The prevalence of varicose veins was increasing with increasing age but a deviance from the normal prevalence of the female patients. The patho- physiology has yet not been clearly delineated but the role of certain enzymes leading to oxidative stress has been implicated in the causation of this disease. Therefore, the present study was conducted to compare the lipid peroxidation and total antioxidant status in the patients with and without varicose veins.Methods: This study was performed after the institutional ethical clearance and informed consent from all the participants. Patients who were admitted for the surgery of inguinal Hernia were taken as controls. The blood was obtained and its serum was used for the estimation of MDA, GPx, and total antioxidant status using commercially available kit, according to the manufacturer’s guidelines in the central research laboratory of the institute. The data was represented as Mean±S.D. and compared using students‘t’ test and a p value of <0.05 was considered the level of significance.Results: The Serum estimations of MDA, GPX and TAC on comparison to Normal Individuals did not show any statistical significance (p>0.05).Conclusions: The levels of MDA, GPX and TAC were at the upper limit of the normal ranges in patients of Varicose veins indicating that more on antioxidants as a measure of global stress index in varicose veins are needed to be performed in the future with different Antioxidants and Advent of investigative modalities for the same.

Spindle cell sarcoma of sphenoid bone

Primary bone tumors involving skull are extremely rare and they constitute 0.8% of all bone tumors. The common tumors that are seen in skull base include fibrous dysplasia, giant cell tumor, chordoma, ossifying fibroma, angiosarcoma. We report a rare case of spindle cell sarcoma arising from right sphenoid bone in a 70-year-old male which presented as unilateral defective vision with mild proptosis

Association of FADS2 rs174575 gene polymorphism and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Background: Many risk factors contribute to the pathogenesis of diabetes. Gene and lifestyle factors are considered to be the major contributors. A dietary pattern is attributed to be one of the lifestyle risk factors favoring diabetes. The present study aims to find an association between fatty acid desaturase (FADS) gene polymorphism and glycemic profile in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methodology: A total of 429 subjects were included in the study on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria, of which 213 and 216 subjects were diabetic and control, respectively. Body mass index was calculated. Fasting plasma glucose, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and insulin were measured using commercially available kits. rs174575 of FADS2 was selected based on previous publications and identified using the dbSNP database. To compare the biochemical parameters with the genotype, the following three models were used: additive model (CC vs CG vs GG), dominant model (CC + CG vs GG), and recessive model (CC vs CG + GG). Results and Discussion: FBS, HbA1c, insulin, HOMA-IR, and HOMA-B exhibited a high and statistically significant difference between subjects and controls. The three models exhibited a statistically significant difference between FBS, HOMA-IR, and HOMA- B (p<0.05). Conclusion: The distribution of rs174575 genotype differed significantly between the subjects and controls in the present study. The study revealed that genetic variation in FADS2 is an additional facet to consider while studying the risk factors of T2DM

Convalescent plasma in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised controlled, open-label, platform trial

SummaryBackground Azithromycin has been proposed as a treatment for COVID-19 on the basis of its immunomodulatoryactions. We aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of azithromycin in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19.Methods In this randomised, controlled, open-label, adaptive platform trial (Randomised Evaluation of COVID-19Therapy [RECOVERY]), several possible treatments were compared with usual care in patients admitted to hospitalwith COVID-19 in the UK. The trial is underway at 176 hospitals in the UK. Eligible and consenting patients wererandomly allocated to either usual standard of care alone or usual standard of care plus azithromycin 500 mg once perday by mouth or intravenously for 10 days or until discharge (or allocation to one of the other RECOVERY treatmentgroups). Patients were assigned via web-based simple (unstratified) randomisation with allocation concealment andwere twice as likely to be randomly assigned to usual care than to any of the active treatment groups. Participants andlocal study staff were not masked to the allocated treatment, but all others involved in the trial were masked to theoutcome data during the trial. The primary outcome was 28-day all-cause mortality, assessed in the intention-to-treatpopulation. The trial is registered with ISRCTN, 50189673, and ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04381936.Findings Between April 7 and Nov 27, 2020, of 16 442 patients enrolled in the RECOVERY trial, 9433 (57%) wereeligible and 7763 were included in the assessment of azithromycin. The mean age of these study participants was65·3 years (SD 15·7) and approximately a third were women (2944 [38%] of 7763). 2582 patients were randomlyallocated to receive azithromycin and 5181 patients were randomly allocated to usual care alone. Overall,561 (22%) patients allocated to azithromycin and 1162 (22%) patients allocated to usual care died within 28 days(rate ratio 0·97, 95% CI 0·87–1·07; p=0·50). No significant difference was seen in duration of hospital stay (median10 days [IQR 5 to >28] vs 11 days [5 to >28]) or the proportion of patients discharged from hospital alive within 28 days(rate ratio 1·04, 95% CI 0·98–1·10; p=0·19). Among those not on invasive mechanical ventilation at baseline, nosignificant difference was seen in the proportion meeting the composite endpoint of invasive mechanical ventilationor death (risk ratio 0·95, 95% CI 0·87–1·03; p=0·24).Interpretation In patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19, azithromycin did not improve survival or otherprespecified clinical outcomes. Azithromycin use in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 should be restrictedto patients in whom there is a clear antimicrobial indication

An Automated Chronic Disease Management for Cardiac Arrest Detection and Prevention on Emergency usingInternet of Medical Things (IoMT)

The Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) is a world of interconnected things that can sense, stimulate, and collaborate with one another and with the environment. Heart attacks have become more common in recent years, putting people's lives at risk. However, it is extremely complex and difficult to maintain/monitor health conditions in physical mode all the time, especially at night and while traveling. If a senior person or patient suffers from health issues such as sudden cardiac arrest or a rise/fall in blood pressure levels in their body, it will be incredibly tough to receive immediate assistance from others as well as medical agencies. The suggested method uses a pulse sensor to automatically monitor heart rate and a MEMS pressure sensor incorporated into IoMT devices to measure blood pressure (BP). If an elderly individual has a cardiac arrest, an automatic call with the exact GPS location is sent to a nearby ambulance service and their caretakers. The benefit of this method is to prevent unexpected death or major illness due to heart disease and may also be conveniently monitored by sending text messages with their heartbeat rate as a daily report to caretakers

A comparative study on the lipid peroxidation and total antioxidant status in patients with and without varicose veins

Background: The prevalence of varicose veins was increasing with increasing age but a deviance from the normal prevalence of the female patients. The patho- physiology has yet not been clearly delineated but the role of certain enzymes leading to oxidative stress has been implicated in the causation of this disease. Therefore, the present study was conducted to compare the lipid peroxidation and total antioxidant status in the patients with and without varicose veins.Methods: This study was performed after the institutional ethical clearance and informed consent from all the participants. Patients who were admitted for the surgery of inguinal Hernia were taken as controls. The blood was obtained and its serum was used for the estimation of MDA, GPx, and total antioxidant status using commercially available kit, according to the manufacturer’s guidelines in the central research laboratory of the institute. The data was represented as Mean±S.D. and compared using students‘t’ test and a p value of <0.05 was considered the level of significance.Results: The Serum estimations of MDA, GPX and TAC on comparison to Normal Individuals did not show any statistical significance (p>0.05).Conclusions: The levels of MDA, GPX and TAC were at the upper limit of the normal ranges in patients of Varicose veins indicating that more on antioxidants as a measure of global stress index in varicose veins are needed to be performed in the future with different Antioxidants and Advent of investigative modalities for the same.

Biomechanical Stimulation of Muscle Constructs Influences Phenotype of Bone Constructs by Modulating Myokine Secretion

ABSTRACT Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder that can lead to diabetic myopathy and bone diseases. The etiology of musculoskeletal complications in such metabolic disorders and the interplay between the muscular and osseous systems are not well understood. Exercise training promises to prevent diabetic myopathy and bone disease and offer protection. Although the muscle‐bone interaction is largely biomechanical, the muscle secretome has significant implications for bone biology. Uncoupling effects of biophysical and biochemical stimuli on the adaptive response of bone during exercise training may offer therapeutic targets for diabetic bone disease. Here, we have developed an in vitro model to elucidate the effects of mechanical strain on myokine secretion and its impact on bone metabolism decoupled from physical stimuli. We developed bone constructs using cross‐linked gelatin, which facilitated osteogenic differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells. Then muscle constructs were made from fibrin, which enabled myoblast differentiation and myotube formation. We investigated the myokine expression by muscle constructs under strain regimens replicating endurance (END) and high‐intensity interval training (HIIT) in hyperglycemic conditions. In monocultures, both regimens induced higher expression of Il15 and Igf1, whereas END supported more myoblast differentiation and myotube maturation than HIIT. When co‐cultured with bone constructs, HIIT regimen increased Glut4 expression in muscle constructs more than END, supporting higher glucose uptake. Likewise, the muscle constructs under the HIIT regimen promoted a healthier and more matured bone phenotype than END. Under static conditions, myostatin (Mstn) expression was significantly downregulated in muscle constructs co‐cultured with bone constructs compared with monocultures. Together, our in vitro co‐culture system allowed orthogonal manipulation of mechanical strain on muscle constructs while facilitating bone‐muscle biochemical cross‐talk. Such systems can provide an individualized microenvironment that allows decoupled biomechanical manipulation, help identify molecular targets, and develop engineered therapies for metabolic bone disease. © 2023 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research

Evaluation of chemokines in gingival crevicular fluid in children with dental caries and stainless steel crowns: A clinico-biochemical study

Aims and Objectives: The study was conducted to detect the presence of macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α) and MIP-1β and estimate their levels in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) in children with dental caries and stainless steel crowns. Materials and Methods: A total of 80 children with primary dentition were selected and categorized into four groups with twenty in each group; Group 1 - healthy subjects, Group 2 - dental caries, Group 3 - dental caries involving the pulp, and Group 4 - stainless steel crowns. GCF samples were collected by an extra-crevicular method with microcapillary pipettes. The GCF samples were quantified by ELISA and the levels of MIP-1α and MIP-1β were determined. Results: MIP-1α and MIP-1β were detected in all the samples. Highest mean concentration in GCF was obtained for Group 3 followed by Groups 2 and 4 while the lowest concentration was seen in Group 1. This suggests that MIP-1α and MIP-1β levels in GCF increased proportionately with the inflammation. Conclusions: GCF serves as a noninvasive diagnostic fluid to measure biomarkers released during dental caries initiation and progression. MIP-1α and MIP-1β chemokines can be considered as novel biomarkers, in biological mechanism underlying the pathogenesis and inflammation in children with dental caries and stainless steel crowns