Study on the effectiveness of childbirth grant policy in Korea

South Korea was once a typical high birth country. However, Korea is facing serious low birth rates recently as the total fertility rate is 0.98, which means that the Korean couple has less than one child on average. The rapid demographic change due to low fertility causes many negative effects such as economic vitality and welfare burden. Thus, the Korean governments have introduced various policies to overcome the low birth rate, and one of these is the childbirth grant policy: governments provide a certain amount of cash when a family within its jurisdiction gives birth. However, the world\u27s lowest fertility rates of Korea seldom show signs of rising. So, the problem statement is whether the birth grants policy is effective in increasing childbirth in Korea. The independent variable is the childbirth grant policy, and the dependent variable is the fertility rate and the number of births. Control variables affecting their relationship are classified into economic factors such as income level, childcare facilities, and medical facilities, and social and demographic factors such as divorce rate, marriage rate, the age of first marriage, and elderly population. I used panel data regression. The panels are 25 autonomous districts in Seoul Metropolitan City from 2015 to 2018. Using these panels, I estimated the effects of childbirth incentives on birth rate have differed over the period. As a result of the estimation, the coefficients of childbirth grants are negative on both the total fertility rate and the number of childbirths statistically significant. The results are contrary to general prediction that the fertility rate will increase if there is a large amount of childbirth subsidies. However, in reality, it is the opposite causal relationship: the birth rate is reverse-causing the grant. The childbirth grants cannot affect people’s birth decision; rather, the district\u27s low fertility rate makes local governments spend more childbirth grants. It can be interpreted that policy makers are aware of the region\u27s low birth rate and then have increased the amount of childbirth subsidies to increase the rate. Among the control variables, social and demographic factors are found to have a major impact on the dependent variables: the elderly population ratio and average first marriage age affect dependent variables in the direction of negative, while the marriage rate has a positive impact. However, the economic factors are statistically insignificant, and do not affect childbirth. Fundamentally, if people desire to have children, they are doing that, by getting married, possibly at younger ages. Only a change in people’s goals, or much more money than is currently allocated, would have the intended effect. However, this paper has limitations; first, local areas have large effects (high rho values in the estimation), so there is a limit to generalizing the results on a nationwide because there are considerable fixed effects for each autonomous district; second, there was a limit to collect relevant data when there were countless factors affecting childbirth decisions, which can be a factor that undermines the internal validity of the variables; and the last is the limits of the data, which may be problems with accurate estimates because it was analyzed based on only four years of data

One-step fabrication of surface-decorated inorganic nanowires via single-nozzle electrospinning

This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (NRF-2017R1A6A3A03004416) and (NRF-2015M1A2A2056833).One-dimensional heterostructured nanomaterials represent key building blocks for nanotechnologies due to a large number of applications such as electronics, catalysis, drug delivery, and energy storage and conversion devices. Electrospinning has been considered a straightforward and versatile method to prepare inorganic nanowires, but the heterostructured nanowires have been only fabricated by using dual-nozzle or by introducing additional encapsulating step. Here we report one-step fabrication of surface-decorated inorganic nanowires via single-nozzle electrospinning. Although the electrospinning precursor uses one mixed solution containing nickel salt, ceria nanoparticles, and polyvinylpyrrolidine (PVP), the nanowires show a core/shell-like shape. The surface-decorated nanowires consist of nickel shell and ceria core, which exhibits 95.52% of methane conversion at 600 °C whereas conventional particle-type catalysts have only 60% at the same temperature in steam reforming.PostprintPeer reviewe

Angiolipoma of the Posterior Mediastinum with Extension into the Spinal Canal: A Case Report

Angiolipoma is a rare benign soft tissue tumor, an unusual variant of lipoma, consisting of fatty and vascular components and located in the subcutis, usually in the trunk and extremities. We report a case of posterior mediastinal angiolipoma extending into the spinal canal and showing both fat and angiomatous features on CT scan