Thematic network representing cognitive distortion among older adult gamblers.

<p>Thematic network representing cognitive distortion among older adult gamblers.</p

Association of smoking with antipsychotics dose and EPS in regression analysis.

1<p>Severity of symptoms, total positive symptoms score, total negative symptom score, and total general symptoms score were adjusted as covariates for association study of antipsychotic dose, and duration of illness were adjusted as covariates for association study of EPS.</p>2<p>AIMS and SAS assessments were only performed on patients in Sample-A. Therefore, tardive dyskinesia and drug-induced Parkinsonism status were not available for Sample-B.</p

Characteristics of 25 older adult gamblers.

<p>Characteristics of 25 older adult gamblers.</p

Descriptive statistics of the three independent study samples.

1<p>Education, living apartment and occupation information were not collected for sample-A.</p>2<p>AIMS and SAS assessments were only performed on patients in Sample-A. Therefore, tardive dyskinesia and drug-induced Parkinsonism status were not available for Sample-B.</p>3<p>Nominal p values were computed based on Sample-B cases and healthy controls.</p>4<p>The group was used as reference group in regression analysis.</p

Investigation of Cigarette Smoking among Male Schizophrenia Patients

<div><p>Male schizophrenia patients are known to have a heavier smoking pattern compared with the general population. However, the mechanism for this association is not known, though hypothesis that smoking could alleviate symptomatology of schizophrenia and reduce side effects of antipsychotics has been suggested. The aims of this study were to validate the heavier smoking pattern among male schizophrenia patients and to investigate the possible mechanisms for the association. To enhance the reliability of the study, we recruited two large independent samples with 604 and 535 male Chinese schizophrenia patients, and compared their smoking pattern with that of 535 healthy male controls recruited from general population. Validated multiple indicators and multiple causes structure equation model and regression models were used to investigate the association of smoking with factors of schizophrenia symptomatology and with the usage of antipsychotics and their extra-pyramidal side effects (EPS). Schizophrenia patients had significantly heavier smoking pattern compared with healthy controls in our sample (42.4% vs. 16.8%, p<0.001 for current smoking prevalence; 23.5% vs. 43.3%, p<0.001 for smoking cessation rate; 24.5% vs. 3.0%, p<0.001 for heavy smoker proportion). Their smoking status was also found to be consistently and significantly associated with reduced negative factor scores for schizophrenia symptomatology (β = −0.123, p = 0.051 for sample-A; β = −0.103, p = 0.035 for sample-B; β = −0.082, p = 0.017 for the combined sample). However, no significant association was found between smoking and antipsychotics usage or risk of EPS. These results support that smoking is associated with improved negative symptoms, which could account for the heavier smoking pattern among schizophrenia patients.</p></div

Comparison of smoking patterns between schizophrenia male patients and male healthy controls.

1<p>Measures were obtained based on Sample-B cases and healthy controls.</p>2<p>Adjusted p values were computed after controlling for age, education, living apartments and occupation.</p>3<p>Smoking starting age information was not collected for sample-A.</p

MIMIC model in assessing the effects of current smoking status on symptomatology of schizophrenia.

<p>MIMIC model in assessing the effects of current smoking status on symptomatology of schizophrenia.</p

Lifetime gambling activities among the older adult gamblers.

<p>Lifetime gambling activities among the older adult gamblers.</p

Endorsement of each basic theme by older adult gamblers.

<p>Endorsement of each basic theme by older adult gamblers.</p

Multivariate associations of type of disorder with days out of role from the NB-L hurdle model.

<p>Multivariate associations of type of disorder with days out of role from the NB-L hurdle model.</p