Kulturowe nazwy ulic – zakres i ewolucja terminu

The aim of the article is to determine the place of cultural names in the typology of urbanyms and to provide a description of the evolution of both the term and its scope. The observations presented here are based on the analysis of urbanyms carried out from the 60s until modern times.  Then, the author discusses various definitions of cultural names that can be found in the subject-related literature and their place in typologies of urban nomenclature, characteristic features of this group of onyms (their productivity, nomination motives, genetic nature), and finally presents some debatable issues related to classifying names from cultural and cult, topographic, commemorative, metaphorical, possessive and relational areas.  In the end, the author attempts to determine the scope of the term cultural names in relation to urban terminology.Celem artykułu jest ustalenie miejsca nazw kulturowych w typologii urbanonimów i opis ewolucji zarówno terminu, jak i jego zakresu. Spostrzeżenia tu poczynione są oparte na analizach urbanonimów prowadzonych od lat 60. XX wieku po czasy współczesne. Autorka w kolejnych częściach tekstu omawia różne spotykane w literaturze przedmiotu definicje nazw kulturowych oraz ich miejsce w typologiach nazewnictwa miejskiego, cechy charakterystyczne tej grupy onimów (ich produktywność, motywy nominacyjne, tworzywo genetyczne), wreszcie przedstawia kwestie dyskusyjne dotyczące klasyfikowania mian z pogranicza typu nazw kulturowych i innych typów semantyczno-motywacyjnych (kultowych, topograficznych, pamiątkowych, metaforycznych, posesywnych i relacyjnych). W zakończeniu podejmuje próbę wyznaczenia zakresu terminu nazwy kulturowe w odniesieniu do nazewnictwa miejskiego

Septal aperture aetiology: still more questions than answers

Many theories have been suggested in order to explain the aetiology of septal aperture. The influence of genes, the size and shape of ulna processes, joint laxity, bone robusticity, osteoarthritis, and osteoporosis has been discussed; however, the problem has not yet been solved. The aim of the study was to examine the correlations between musculoskeletal stress markers, humeral robusticity and septal aperture. Additionally, the frequency of septal aperture according to sex, age, and skeletal side had been analysed. The skeletal material had come from a medieval cemetery in Cedynia, Poland. Skeletons of 201 adults (102 males, 99 females) had been examined and septal aperture had been scored. Six muscle attachment sites of upper limb bones had been analysed. Humeral robusticity had been calculated by use of the humeral robusticity index. The frequency of septal aperture among the population from Cedynia is 7.5%. There are no differences in septal aperture prevalence between males and females, the skeletal sides or age groups. In the analysed material, males with less developed muscle markers of right upper bones proved a higher predictable rate in having septal aperture (R = –0.34). On the left bones and among females, the converse correlation had also been found, but it is not statistically significant. The correlation between septal aperture and humeral robusticity is converse, yet small and insignificant. These results can confirm the theory of joint laxity and suggest that stronger bones (heavier muscles, more robust bones) increase joint tightness, and therefore protect the humeral lamina from septal aperture formation. But this theory needs a further detailed analysis

The Vision of the American History in Paul Thomas Anderson’s Filmography

This paper presents the reinterpretation of the history of the 20th century United States as shown in the chosen films by Paul Thomas Anderson [There Will Be Blood (2007); The Master (2012), Inherent Vice (2014)]. His filmography is presented as a valid historical narrative, which encompasses the American 20th century in its entirety. The notion of historical narrative is presented with reference to the writings of Hayden White. The modern American society is characterized by its atomization and impossibility of forming interpersonal relationships. Anderson’s historical movies are treated as an attempt of finding the rationale for these societal conditions. The analysis refers to the traditionally American values of individualism and Emersonian self-reliance. Anderson’s films show the modern reinterpretation of these values which degenerated into egoistic self-centeredness. This process is seen in the emergence of the hardline capitalism (There Will Be Blood) and is strengthened by the post-war shattering of human relations (The Master). This deterioration of values cannot be stopped, what is shown through the failed hippie revolution (Inherent Vice). Throughout the analysis the films are constantly contrasted with the narrative of Howard Zinn’s A People’s History of the United States. This work is chosen as a point of reference because it was a significant reinterpretation of dominant historical narrative in itself, while still remaining scientific in its nature. The aim of this paper is to further the interdisciplinary research by showing that both historical and artistic narratives reinterpret the American history and have their tangent points

Electrolytic Plating of Copper for Advanced Interconnects

There is great interest in the semiconductor industry to move to copper for advanced interconnect processing. The purpose of this study was to develop an electroplating process so further studies in copper processing can be undertaken at R.LT. Electroplating was performed using the facilities available at the University of Rochester. This system utilizes a copper sulfate based electrolyte and an 8” wafer holder. In order to use the electroplating tool for four-inch wafers, a fixture was designed. Plating was performed on Si wafers coated with adhesion and seed layer of copper at varying current densities. Plated films were characterized for sheet resistance. A 7% standard deviation in sheet resistance of the electroplated layer has been achieved with this wafer fixture design. This variation can be explained in terms of the electric field distribution in the electrolytic cell. The bulk resistivity for the plated copper was found to be 2.06E-6 ≤2•cm. Powder X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the plated films had (110) preferred orientatio

Proactivity versus self-efficacy in the process of developing a career by the youth

The contemporary labour market is characterised by broadly understood flexibility which conditions the uncertainty of the professional situation of a person participating therein. One of the factors increasing their chances to have a successful career are not only relevant competences, qualifications and proactive behaviours to the benefit of their own development, but also their trust in their own abilities. In this article it has been attempted to confirm the thesis on the existence of co-dependence between the individual’s proactivity and self-efficacy in the process of developing a professional career. To this end, a review of selected theoretical depictions on both, constructs and results of research explorations specifying mutual relations, was conducted. The observations made have both, theoretical and practical implications that are interesting in cognitive terms. The analysis thereof may prove to be especially important with regard to young people who are preparing to enter the labour market.The contemporary labour market is characterised by broadly understood flexibility which conditions the uncertainty of the professional situation of a person participating therein. One of the factors increasing their chances to have a successful career are not only relevant competences, qualifications and proactive behaviours to the benefit of their own development, but also their trust in their own abilities. In this article it has been attempted to confirm the thesis on the existence of co-dependence between the individual’s proactivity and self-efficacy in the process of developing a professional career. To this end, a review of selected theoretical depictions on both, constructs and results of research explorations specifying mutual relations, was conducted. The observations made have both, theoretical and practical implications that are interesting in cognitive terms. The analysis thereof may prove to be especially important with regard to young people who are preparing to enter the labour market

Influence of rare earths metals (REM) on the structure and selected properties of grey cast iron

The paper presents the results of tests carried out on grey cast iron obtained in laboratory conditions. Cast iron EN-GJL-200 was enriched with REM at 0,3 % wt. in relation to the weight of the charge metal. The presence of REM was found only in some elements of the structure, i.e. in ferrite and in precipitations. An 18 % decrease in the coefficient of friction was observed for REM-modified cast iron as compared to the base cast iron