Impact from Counterion Nature on Current Transfer Through Structural Fragments of Sulphocationic Resin

The parameters of an extended three-wire model of ion-exchange materials conductivity, which characterize the current particles flowing through various structural fragments of the ion exchanger, are calculated based on the concentration dependence of the sulphocationite KU-2 resin electrical conductivity in electrolyte solutions of different nature. It is shown that most of the current in the resin is transferred through the channel with a consecutive arrangement of conducting gel and solution phases regardless of the counterion nature. The differences in model parameters for the resin in the salt and proton form, related to the specific mechanism of proton transfer, confirm the adequacy of the applied approach to the estimation of the counterion nature effect on the current transfer in resin

Assessment of the environmental state of surface waters of right-bank tributaries of the upper reaches of the Pripet River by macrophyte index MIR

The results of the study of the macrophytes of the rivers Turia, Vyzhivka and Tsyr, the right-bank tributaries of the upper reaches of the Pripet River, are presented. The species composition of aquatic and coastal aquatic vascular plants was investigated during the vegetation seasons of 2018 and 2019 at 9 observation points located along the rivers from the source to the mouth. The most numerous species composition, 57 species, was found in the Turia River, 36 in the Vyzhivka River, and 28 species were identified in the Tsyr River. The macrophyte index for rivers (Pol.: makrofitowy indeks rzeczny - MIR) was determined from the results, and the ecological state of the rivers was assessed according to the methodology of the macrophyte assessment of rivers (Pol.: makrofitowa metoda oceny rzek - MMOR). The investigation showed that water quality in the Turia River on sites No. 1, 3 and 4 belongs to class III, satisfactory category. The surface water quality on site No. 2 of the Turia River belongs to class II, a good category. The water quality in the Vyzhivka River on all test sites belongs to class II, a good category, which testifies to favourable ecological conditions for the development of higher aquatic plants along the whole course. The water quality in the Tsyr River on test site No. 8 (Kamin-Kashyrskyi, upper course) corresponds to class II, good category. On test site No. 9 (middle course), the quality of surface waters of the Tsyr River worsens to the class III, satisfactory category

Cavitation-Reagent Technology for Water Purification of Pools and Water Parks

The research goal was to develop an improved water purification technology for public reservoirs by adding the vibrocavitation purification before a reagent method with sodium hypochlorite, produced via electrolysis of salt. The main tasks of the research include the determination of vibrocavitation treatment efficiency and the development of a new low-frequency vibration resonance cavitation process for water purification, as well as equipment for this process. A vibroresonance method supporting the intensity of spatial displacements of cavitation exciters was developed on the basis of the theory of cavitation fields in liquids. When using this method it was possible to establish the boundary conditions for stable support of the cavitation field created by low-frequency vibrations. The developed method is based on the formation of high intensive cavitation fields in liquids by vibratory decks. The advanced technological scheme of water purification for pools and public use reservoirs is proposed, which includes addition of resonance vibrocavitators to a closed circulation cycle of water purification by the reagent method

Utilization of Renewable Energy Waste (Wood Ash and Straw) in the Production of Mineral Fertilizers

The method of utilization of biomass ash in agriculture as an agrochemical is considered. Studies have shown that biomass ash contains a number of macro- and microelements essential for agriculture, such as phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and sulphur. Based on the content of the main chemical components and physical and chemical parameters of wood and plant ash, conclusions are drawn regarding its use. Wood ash with a high calcium content is suitable for agromelioration of soils with a low pH value. Ash from agricultural crop straw with a high calcium and potassium content is suitable for the production of potash fertilizers, and with a high potassium and phosphorus content - for the production of phosphorus-potassium fertilizers

The Use of Binders of Natural Origin to Improve the Technology of Creating Fuel Briquettes from Wood Waste

The method of wood waste utilization by pressing it into fuel briquettes is considered. It is proposed to use sulfate soap, a multi-tonnage waste of the pulp and paper industry, as an astringent. It is proven that as a result of adding a binder to the raw material, it is possible to carry out the process of forming briquettes with lower pressures, while ensuring the necessary statistical strength of the briquette. An appropriate method of supplying the binder is its preliminary mixing with wood waste. The most suitable concentration of the binder for fuel briquettes amounts to 6%. The use of a binder made it possible to reduce engine power by 40%, as well as increase the density of the obtained fuel briquettes by 10%

The Biotechnological Ways of Blue-green Algae Complex Processing

The results of long­term research of various ways and methods of collection and processing of blue­green algae that cause “bloom” of the Dnieper reservoirs were presented. The possibility and feasibility of the blue­green algae biomass processing to biogas by methanogenesis were substantiated. It was found experimentally that preliminary mechanical cavitation of the blue­green algae biomass increases the biogas yield by 21.5 %. It was determined that the biogas produced contains up to 72 % of methane and hydrogen, up to 21 % of carbon dioxide, up to 6.5 % of molecular nitrogen. Oxygen, carbon oxide (II), hydrogen sulfide and other impurities constitute up to 2 % of the biogas volume. Biotesting of the spent substrate to determine its toxicity for further use as a biofertilizer in agriculture and forestry was held. Modern methods of electron microscopy found that the average diameter of cells of blue­green algae Microcystis aeruginosa is 3.14 microns. The flow diagram of the blue­green algae biomass complex processing was proposed. It consists in removal of valuable components for medicine, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, production of technical detergents, mixtures of aliphatic alcohols as biofuels or additives to gasoline. Thus, it is possible to obtain more biogas by involving the spent activated sludge from sewage treatment facilities in methanogenesis. This will improve the treatment quality of wastewater of various productions. The similarity of the nutritional value of the blue­green algae spent substrate to the green biomass of plants in terms of the elemental composition was experimentally proved. The environmental, energy saving and agricultural efficiency of the cyanogen biomass use was proved