Execution time (in seconds) of each module in our framework using CPU, 1 GPU (selectively using CPU and 1 GPU), and Best (selectively using CPU and 2 GPUs).

<p>* We measured the entire execution time from pushing a button till displaying 3D images, which is slightly bigger than the sum of the execution time of each module.</p><p>Execution time (in seconds) of each module in our framework using CPU, 1 GPU (selectively using CPU and 1 GPU), and Best (selectively using CPU and 2 GPUs).</p

CUDA profiler timeline for FD-OCT image reconstruction.

<p>CUDA profiler timeline for FD-OCT image reconstruction.</p

Sample image with the results of feature segmentation and malapposition detection.

<p>Lumen in yellow, apposed stents in green, and malapposed stents in red.</p

Accuracy of stent segmentation and malapposition detection.

<p>Accuracy of stent segmentation and malapposition detection.</p

Schematic of the intracoronary FD-OCT system.

<p>WSL: Wavelength-Swept Laser, FRJ: Fiberoptic Rotary Junction, FS: Frequency Shifter, PDBD: Polarization Diverse Balanced Detection, GPU: Graphics Processing Unit.</p

Method of precise guide-wire segmentation.

<p>(a)–(f) show a usual case where the morphological top-hat operation may not make any difference, whereas (g)–(l) exemplify such a case where the operation enhances the precision of guide-wire segmentation. (a) Set ROI from a blurred image. (b) Construct a binary image by Otsu’s method. (c) Apply the morphological erosion operation. (d) Apply the morphological top-hat operation. (e) Subtract the image in (d) from the image in (c). (f) Detect guide-wire by removing noises. (g) Set ROI, which is too wide. (h) Construct a binary image by Otsu’s method. (i) Apply the morphological erosion operation, whose resulting image includes connected guide-wire and noises denoted by a yellow circle. (j) Apply the morphological top-hat operation to detect the connected area denoted by a yellow circle. (k) Subtract the image in (j) from the image in (i) to disconnect guide-wire and noises as a yellow circle shows. (l) Detect guide-wire by removing noises.</p

Catheter and guide-wire in a sample FD-OCT image.

<p>(b) is an enlarged image of the yellow box in (a). The left (red) arrow denotes the sheath of the catheter and the right (blue) arrow denotes guide-wire.</p

Inter- and intra-observer reliability.

<p>* Results for stent segmentation.</p><p>^† Results for malapposition detection.</p><p>Inter- and intra-observer reliability.</p

Cutaway views with segmented stents and guide-wire.

<p>Data acquired with (a) 200 <i>μ</i>m and (b) 100 <i>μ</i>m longitudinal pitches, respectively. (c) Fly through view (100 <i>μ</i>m pitch).</p

Results of stent segmentation and malapposition detection.

<p>(a) Result of manual stent segmentation. (b) Result of automatic stent segmentation. (c) Result of manual malapposition detection. (d) Result of automatic malapposition detection.</p