538 research outputs found
Blockchain-based Perfect Sharing Project Platform based on the Proof of Atomicity Consensus Algorithm
The Korean government funded 12.8 billion USD to 652 research and development (R&D) projects supported by 20 ministries in 2019. Every year, various organizations are supported to conduct R&D projects focusing on selected core technologies by evaluating emerging technologies which industries are planning to develop. To manage the whole cycle of national R&D projects, information sharing on national R&D projects is very essential. The blockchain technology is considered as a core solution to share information reliably and prevent forgery in various fields. For efficient management of national R&D projects, we enhance and analyse the Perfect Sharing Project (PSP)-Platform based on a new blockchain-based platform for information sharing and forgery prevention. It is a shared platform for national ICT R&D projects
management with excellent performance in preventing counterfeiting. As a consensus algorithm is very important to prevent forgery in blockchain, we survey not only architectural aspects and examples of the platform but also the consensus algorithms. Considering characteristics of the PSP-Platform, we adopt an atomic proof (POA)
consensus algorithm as a new consensus algorithm in this paper. To prove the validity of the POA consensus algorithm, we have conducted experiments. The experiment results show the outstanding performance of the POA consensus algorithm used in the PSP-Platform in terms of block generation delay and block propagation time
Optofluidic ring resonator laser with an edible liquid laser gain medium
We demonstrate a biocompatible optofluidic laser with an edible liquid laser gain medium, made of riboflavin dissolved in water. The proposed laser platform is based on a pulled-glass-capillary optofluidic ring resonator (OFRR) with a high Q-factor, resulting in a lasing threshold comparable to that of conventional organic dye lasers that are mostly harmful, despite the relatively low quantum yield of the riboflavin. The proposed biocompatible laser can be realized by not only a capillary OFRR, but also by an optical-fiber-based OFRR that offers improved mechanical stability, and is promising technology for application to in vivo bio-sensing
Analysis of Labor Participation Behavior of Korean Women with Dynamic Probit and Conditional Logit
Wharton-SMU Research Centr
Censored Sampling of Diffusion Models Using 3 Minutes of Human Feedback
Diffusion models have recently shown remarkable success in high-quality image
generation. Sometimes, however, a pre-trained diffusion model exhibits partial
misalignment in the sense that the model can generate good images, but it
sometimes outputs undesirable images. If so, we simply need to prevent the
generation of the bad images, and we call this task censoring. In this work, we
present censored generation with a pre-trained diffusion model using a reward
model trained on minimal human feedback. We show that censoring can be
accomplished with extreme human feedback efficiency and that labels generated
with a mere few minutes of human feedback are sufficient. Code available at:
https://github.com/tetrzim/diffusion-human-feedback.Comment: Published in NeurIPS 202
Topically administered bevacizumab had longer standing anti-angiogenic effect than subconjunctivally injected bevacizumab in rat corneal neovacularization
<b>AIM:</b> To compare the effect of topically administered and subconjunctivally injected bevacizumab on experimental corneal neovascularization in rats for two weeks after treatment.<b>METHODS:</b> Twenty-eight Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups of 7 animals. Each corneal center of right eye was cauterized with silver/potassium nitrate for 8s. After corneal burning, bevacizumab (12.5mg/mL) was topically administered three times per day (TB group) for two weeks or subconjunctivally injected on days 2 and 4 after cauterization (0.02mL; SB group). As negative controls, rats received 0.9% saline topically three times per day (TS group) or subconjunctivally on days 2 and 4 (0.02mL; SS group). Digital photographs of the cornea were taken 1 and 2 weeks after treatment and analyzed to determine the area of cornea covered by neovascularization as the percentage of corneal neovascularization.<b>RESULTS:</b> One week after treatment, the percentage of corneal neovascularization was significantly lower in the TB and SB groups than in the TS and SS groups (all <i>P</i><0.05). Two weeks after treatment, the percentage of corneal neovascularization was significantly lower in the TB group than in the TS group (<i>P</i><0.05). In all groups, the percentage of neovascularization was decreasing as time passed (all <i>P</i><0.05)<b>CONCLUSION:</b> Topically administered bevacizumab has longer standing anti-angiogenic effect than subconjunctivally injected bevacizumab in corneal neovascularization following chemical injury in rats
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Elevated cellular cholesterol in Familial Alzheimerβs presenilin 1 mutation is associated with lipid raft localization of Ξ²-amyloid precursor protein
Familial Alzheimerβs disease (FAD)-associated presenilin 1 (PS1) serves as a catalytic subunit of Ξ³-secretase complex, which mediates the proteolytic liberation of Ξ²-amyloid (AΞ²) from Ξ²-amyloid precursor protein (APP). In addition to its proteolytic role, PS1 is involved in non-proteolytic functions such as protein trafficking and ion channel regulation. Furthermore, postmortem AD brains as well as AD patients showed dysregulation of cholesterol metabolism. Since cholesterol has been implicated in regulating AΞ² production, we investigated whether the FAD PS1-associated cholesterol elevation could influence APP processing. We found that in CHO cells stably expressing FAD-associated PS1 ΞE9, total cholesterol levels are elevated compared to cells expressing wild-type PS1. We also found that localization of APP in cholesterol-enriched lipid rafts is substantially increased in the mutant cells. Reducing the cholesterol levels by either methyl-Ξ²-cyclodextrin or an inhibitor of CYP51, an enzyme mediating the elevated cholesterol in PS1 ΞE9-expressing cells, significantly reduced lipid raft-associated APP. In contrast, exogenous cholesterol increased lipid raft-associated APP. These data suggest that in the FAD PS1 ΞE9 cells, the elevated cellular cholesterol level contributes to the altered APP processing by increasing APP localized in lipid rafts
Allelic and Haplotypic Diversity of HLA-A, -B, -C, and-DRB1 Genes in Koreans Defined by High-resolution DNA Typing
λ°°κ²½ : HLA νλ³μ νμ²νμ μμ€(generic level)μμλ λ€νμ±μ΄ μ¬νμ§λ§ λ립μ μ μ μμ€μμλ λμ± μ¬ν λ€νμ±μ 보μ΄κ³ μΈμ’
κ°μ ν° μ°¨μ΄λ₯Ό λνλ΄λ κ²μΌλ‘ μλ €μ‘λ€. λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬μμλ κ³ ν΄μλ DNA κ²μ¬λ²μ μ΄μ©νμ¬ νκ΅μΈμμ HLAλ립μ μ μ νλ³κ³Ό μΌλ°°μ²΄νμ μ’
λ₯ λ° λΉλλ₯Ό μμλ³΄κ³ μ νμλ€. λ°©λ² : 건κ°ν νκ΅μΈ 474λͺ
μ λμμΌλ‘ HLA-A, -B, -C, -DRB1 μ μ μμ λν΄ λ λ¨κ³μ κ²μ¬λ‘ λ립μ μ μ(4μ리μ)
νλ³ λΆμμ μ€μνμλ€. 1λ¨κ³λ‘ νμ²νμ μμ€μ νλ³κ²μ¬λ₯Ό νμ²νμ κ²μ¬λ²μ΄λ sequence-specific oligonucleotide(PCR-SSO) λ°©λ²μΌλ‘ μννμκ³ , κ·Έ λ€μ λ¨κ³λ‘ λ립μ μ μ νλ³κ²μ¬λ₯Ό class Iμ exon 2μ exon3, DRB1μ exon 2μ λν΄ single-strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP)
λλ μ§μ μΌκΈ°μμ΄λΆμλ²μ μ΄μ©νμ¬ μ€μνμλ€. HLA λ립 μ μ μμ μ μ μ λΉλ, μΌλ°°μ²΄ν λΉλ, μ°μλΆνν κ°μ maximum likelihood μ리μ κ·Όκ±°ν μ 11μ°¨ κ΅μ μ‘°μ§μ ν©μ±μν¬μ μ»΄ν¨ν° νλ‘κ·Έλ¨μ μ΄μ©νμ¬ μ°μΆνμλ€. κ²°κ³Ό : νκ΅μΈμμ κ²μΆλ HLA-A, -B, -C, DRB1 λ립μ μ μ νλ³μ κ°κ° 21, 40, 22, 29μ’
μ΄μλ€. μ΄ μ€μ μ μ μ λΉλ 10% μ΄μμ λ³΄μΈ λ립μ μ μ νλ³(λΉλμ λμ΄)μ A*02:01, A*24:02, A*33:03; B*51:01; C*01:02, C*03:03; RB1*09:01λ±μ΄μλ€. HLA μΌλ°°μ²΄νμ λΆμ κ²°κ³Ό 0.5% μ΄μμ λΉλλ₯Ό λνλ΄λ 2-μ μ μμ’ μΌλ°°μ²΄νμ A-C 44μ’
, B-C 42μ’
, A-B 51μ’
, B-DRB1 52μ’
μ΄μκ³ , 3-μ μ μμ’ μΌλ°°μ²΄νμ A-C-B 42μ’
, A-B-DRB1 34μ’
μ΄μλ€. νκ΅μΈμμ λΉλ 1% μ΄μμ A-B-DR μΌλ°°μ²΄νμ 13μ’
μΌλ‘, μ 체 μΌλ°°μ²΄νμ 26.0%λ₯Ό μ°¨μ§νμκ³ , 2% μ΄μμΌλ‘ κ°μ₯ νν A-B-DR μΌλ°°μ²΄νμ A*33:03-B*44:03-DRB1*13:02 (3.7%), A*33:03-B*44:03-DRB1*07:01 (3.0%), A*33:03-B*58:01-DRB1*13:02 (3.0%), A*24:02-B*07:02-DRB1*01:01 (2.8%), A*30:01-B*13:02-DRB1*
07:01 (2.3%), A*11:01-B*15:01-DRB1*04:06 (2.2%) λ± 6μ’
μ΄μλ€. κ²°λ‘ : λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬λ₯Ό ν΅ν΄ νκ΅μΈμ λ립μ μ μ μμ€μ HLA νλ³κ³Ό HLA μΌλ°°μ²΄ν λΉλμ λν μλ£λ₯Ό μ μνμμΌλ©°, λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬μ κ²°κ³Όλ νκ΅μΈμμ μ₯κΈ°μ΄μ, μ§νμ°κ΄μ± μ°κ΅¬, μΈλ₯μ μ νμ μ°κ΅¬ λ±μμ μ€μν κΈ°μ΄μλ£λ‘ μ΄μ©λ μ μμ κ²μΌλ‘ κΈ°λλλ€. Background : In this study, we used high-resolution DNA typing to investigate the distribution of HLA alleles and haplotypes in Koreans. Methods : HLA-A, -B, -C, and -DRB1 alleles were genotyped at the allelic (4-digit) level in 474 healthy Koreans. HLA genotyping was performed in two steps. Initially, serologic typing or generic-level DNA typing was performed using the FOR-sequence-specific oligonucleotide method, and then allelic DNA typing (exons 2 and 3 for class I, and exon 2 for DRB1) was carried out using the FOR-single-strand conformation polymorphism method or sequence-based typing. HLA allele and haplotype frequencies and linkage disequilibrium values were calculated by the maximum likelihood method using a computer program developed for the 11th International Histocompatibility Workshop. Results : A total of 21 HLA-A, 40 HLA-B, 22 HLA-C, and 29 HLA-DRB1 alleles were found in Koreans. The most frequent alleles in each locus with frequencies of >= 10% were, in decreasing order of frequency, as follows: A star 24:02, A star 02:01, A(star)33:03; B(star)51:01; C(star)01:02, C(star)03:03; and DRB1(star)09:01. The numbers of two- and three-locus haplotypes with frequencies of >0.5% were as follows: 44 A-C, 42 B-C, 51 A-B, 52 B-DRB1, 42 A-C-B, and 34 A-B-DRB1. Thirteen A-B-DRB1 haplotypes with frequencies of >= 1.0% comprised 26.0% of the total haplotypes. The six most common haplotypes were as follows: A(star)33:03-B(star)44:03-DRB1(star)3:02 (3.7%), A(star)33:03-B(star)44:03-DRB1(star)07:01 (3.0%), A(star)33:03-B(star)58: 01-DRB1(star)13:02 (3.0%), A(star)24:02-B(star)07:02-DRB1(star)01:01 (2.8%), A(star)30:01-B(star)13:02-DRB1(star)07:01 (2.3%), and A(star)11:01-B(star)15:01-DR81(star)04:06 (2.2%). Conclusions : The information obtained in this study can be used as basic data for Koreans in the fields of organ transplantation, disease association, and anthropologic studies. (Korean J Lab Med 2010;30:685-96)Yoon JH, 2010, TISSUE ANTIGENS, V75, P170, DOI 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2009.01418.xLee KW, 2009, HUM IMMUNOL, V70, P464, DOI 10.1016/j.humimm.2009.03.010Yang KL, 2009, HUM IMMUNOL, V70, P269, DOI 10.1016/j.humimm.2009.01.015YI DY, 2009, KOREAN J LAB MED, V29, pS425Whang DH, 2008, KOREAN J LAB MED, V28, P465, DOI 10.3343/kjlm.2008.28.6.465Trachtenberg E, 2007, TISSUE ANTIGENS, V70, P455, DOI 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2007.00932.xCano P, 2007, HUM IMMUNOL, V68, P392, DOI 10.1016/j.humimm.2007.01.014Yang G, 2006, TISSUE ANTIGENS, V67, P146, DOI 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2005.00529.xMACK SJ, 2006, IMMUNOBIOLOGY HUMAN, V1, P291Itoh Y, 2005, IMMUNOGENETICS, V57, P717, DOI 10.1007/s00251-005-0048-3Lee KW, 2005, TISSUE ANTIGENS, V65, P437, DOI 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2005.00386.xOttinger HD, 2004, TRANSPLANTATION, V78, P1077, DOI 10.1097/01.TP.0000137791.28140.93Flomenberg N, 2004, BLOOD, V104, P1923, DOI 10.1182/blood-2004-03-0803Song EY, 2004, HUM IMMUNOL, V65, P270, DOI 10.1016/j.humimm.2003.12.005HWANG SH, 2004, KOREAN J LAB MED, V24, P396ROH EY, 2003, KOREAN J LAB MED, V23, P420WHANG DH, 2003, KOREAN J LAB MED, V23, P52Lee KW, 2010, KOREAN J LAB MED, V30, P203, DOI 10.3343/kjlm.2010.30.3.203Morishima Y, 2002, BLOOD, V99, P4200Song EY, 2002, TISSUE ANTIGENS, V59, P475Song EY, 2001, HUM IMMUNOL, V62, P1142NAKAJIMA F, 2001, MHC, V8, P1Saito S, 2000, TISSUE ANTIGENS, V56, P522Park MH, 2000, TISSUE ANTIGENS, V55, P250DUNN P, 2000, IHWG TECHNICAL MANUA, P1Park MH, 1999, TISSUE ANTIGENS, V53, P386Marsh SGE, 2010, TISSUE ANTIGENS, V75, P291Petersdorf EW, 1998, BLOOD, V92, P3515Park MH, 1998, TISSUE ANTIGENS, V51, P347Wang H, 1997, TISSUE ANTIGENS, V50, P620Cereb N, 1997, TISSUE ANTIGENS, V50, P74Bannai M, 1997, TISSUE ANTIGENS, V49, P376Bannai M, 1996, HUM IMMUNOL, V46, P107CEREB N, 1995, TISSUE ANTIGENS, V45, P1BANNAI M, 1994, EUR J IMMUNOGENET, V21, P1IMANISHI T, 1992, HLA 1991, V1, P76TOKUNAGA K, 1992, EVOLUTION DISPERSAL, P599
Mind bomb 1 in the lymphopoietic niches is essential for T and marginal zone B cell development
Notch signaling regulates lineage decisions at multiple stages of lymphocyte development, and Notch activation requires the endocytosis of Notch ligands in the signal-sending cells. Four E3 ubiquitin ligases, Mind bomb (Mib) 1, Mib2, Neuralized (Neur) 1, and Neur2, regulate the Notch ligands to activate Notch signaling, but their roles in lymphocyte development have not been defined. We show that Mib1 regulates T and marginal zone B (MZB) cell development in the lymphopoietic niches. Inactivation of the Mib1 gene, but not the other E3 ligases, Mib2, Neur1, and Neur2, abrogated T and MZB cell development. Reciprocal bone marrow (BM) transplantation experiments revealed that Mib1 in the thymic and splenic niches is essential for T and MZB cell development. Interestingly, when BM cells from transgenic Notch reporter mice were transplanted into Mib1-null mice, the Notch signaling was abolished in the double-negative thymocytes. In addition, the endocytosis of Dll1 was impaired in the Mib1-null microenvironment. Moreover, the block in T cell development and the failure of Dll1 endocytosis were also observed in coculture system by Mib1 knockdown. Our study reveals that Mib1 is the essential E3 ligase in T and MZB cell development, through the regulation of Notch ligands in the thymic and splenic microenvironments
Effects of pre-existing hydrogen to stress triaxiality and damage evolution on ultra high strength steel
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In vivo 3D measurement of moxifloxacin and gatifloxacin distributions in the mouse cornea using multiphoton microscopy
Moxifloxacin and gatifloxacin are fourth-generation fluoroquinolone antibiotics used in the clinic to prevent or treat ocular infections. Their pharmacokinetics in the cornea is usually measured from extracted ocular fluids or tissues, and in vivo direct measurement is difficult. In this study multiphoton microscopy (MPM), which is a 3D optical microscopic technique based on multiphoton fluorescence, was applied to the measurement of moxifloxacin and gatifloxacin distribution in the cornea. Intrinsic multiphoton fluorescence properties of moxifloxacin and gatifloxacin were characterized, and their distributions in mouse cornea in vivo were measured by 3D MPM imaging. Both moxifloxacin and gatifloxacin had similar multiphoton spectra, while moxifloxacin had stronger fluorescence than gatifloxacin. MPM imaging of mouse cornea in vivo showed (1) moxifloxacin had good penetration through the superficial corneal epithelium, while gatifloxacin had relatively poor penetration, (2) both ophthalmic solutions had high intracellular distribution. In vivo MPM results were consistent with previous studies. This study demonstrates the feasibility of MPM as a method for in vivo direct measurement of moxifloxacin and gatifloxacin in the cornea.1175Ysciescopu
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