Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 overexpression in gastric and gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma in patients seen at the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia

Background: There are scanty data on the occurrence of gastric tumours overexpressing human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) in Africa. Objective: To assess HER2 protein overexpression in gastric and gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma (GGEAC) samples from a single centre in Zambia. Methodology: This was a cross-sectional study of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded blocks with GGEAC. Prepared slides were first stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin and then evaluated for HER2 protein overexpression by immunohistochemistry. Results: A total of 57 gastric tissues were stained and evaluated for HER2 overexpression. Thirteen (23%) showed overexpression, 41/57 (72%) had negative and 3/57 (5%) had equivocal staining. The equivocal cases were excluded from the final analysis. Of the remaining 54 tissues, 28 (52%) were from females, and 26 (48%) were from males. The mean age was 59 years (SD 15 years). HER2 overexpression was highest in moderately differentiated tumours (p=0.0005). Intestinal type tumours had a higher occurrenc of HER2 overexpression than diffuse or mixed sub-types (p=0.0087). HER2 overexpression was not associated with age (p=0.27), sex (p=1.00) or anatomical location (p=1.00). Conclusion: The occurrence of GGEAC HER2 overexpression in Zambian patients is similar to proportions reported elsewhere, and it is associated with moderately differentiated tumours of the intestinal type

Decentralized Governance of Adaptation to Climate Change in Africa

Effective and sustainable climate adaptation requires an understanding of the political processes within sub-national institutions that mediate between national and local practices. This book focuses on the role of district-level institutions in Sub-Saharan Africa in providing an enabling environment for rural climate change adaptation.Intro -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Foreword -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Implementing African National Climate Change Policies -- 3 Contemplating Climate Change at Local Government: On-the-ground Politics of Adaptation Delivery in Tanzania -- 4 Climate Change Adaptation and Decentralisation Politics: the Case of Local Governments in Rural Zambia -- 5 A White Elephant in a Changing Climate: a Territorial Approach to Climate Change Adaptation in Uganda -- 6 Creating Political Space for Climate Change Adaptation in Northern Ghana -- 7 Local Politics of Climate Change Adaptation in Uganda -- 8 Political Ecology of Climate Change Management in Rural Uganda -- 9 Local Political Processes and the Management of the Awoja Watershed in Eastern Africa -- 10 Competing Interests over Natural Resources and Adaptation to Climate Change: the Case of Rice Cultivation in the Gweri Wetlands, Uganda -- 11 Social and Institutional Dynamics of Mobility as an Adaptation to Climate Change -- 12 Hoarders as Saviours: The Performance of Regional Grain Traders During and After Extreme Drought -- 13 Conclusion: Towards Subnational Climate Change Action Amidst Ambiguity and Contestation Over Power and Resources -- Index -- back coverEffective and sustainable climate adaptation requires an understanding of the political processes within sub-national institutions that mediate between national and local practices. This book focuses on the role of district-level institutions in Sub-Saharan Africa in providing an enabling environment for rural climate change adaptation.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries