On The Nearby-Tip Strain Investigation and Failure-Propability Evaluation for Impacted Thin Plates Using the 2-Random-Variables Multi-Canonical-Based Joint Propability Distributions

The study of the validity and probability of failure in solids and structures is highly considered as one of the most incredibly-highlighted study fields in many science and engineering applications, the design analysts must therefore seek to investigate the points where the failing strains may be occurred, the probabilities of which these strains can cause the existing cracks to propagate through the fractured medium considered, and thereafter the solutions by which the analysts can adopt the approachable techniques to reduce/arrest these propagating cracks.In the present study a theoretical investigation upon simply-supported thin plates having surface cracks within their structure is to be accomplished, and the applied impact load to these thin plates tends to induce almost infinite strains nearby the crack tip of the existing cracks. The distribution of these strains and the probability distribution of failure due to these strains are to be of a particular importance within the current research.Within the current study a modified theoretical technique, which is derived from the classical plate theory, whose concepts are illustrating the required plane-stress conditions for fractured thin plates, taking into consideration the impact-load effects in conjunction with the fracture-mechanics concepts, is to be followed and obeyed so as to arrive at the required equations representing the nearby-tip strains within the thin plates made from the pure aluminum 1100 type alloys. A further statistically-based analysis must lead into the utilization of the joint probability distributions having two random variables in order to construct the required probability distributions of the failure which may be occurred due to the highly-localized nearby-tip strains

A Combinatorial Approach to Obtain the Yield Probability Distribution along a Linearly-Loaded Cantilever Beam

The substantial key to initiate an explicit statistical formula for a physically specified continua is to consider a derivative expression, in order to identify the definitive configuration of the continua itself. Moreover, this statistical formula is to reflect the whole distribution of the formula of which the considered continua is the most likely to be dependent. However, a somewhat mathematically and physically tedious path to arrive at the required statistical formula is needed. The procedure in the present research is to establish, modify, and implement an optimized amalgamation between Airy stress function for elastically-deformed media and the multi-canonical joint probability density functions for multivariate distribution completion, so that the developed distribution is to exhibit a sophisticated illustration of yield probability distribution along a cantilever beam whose structure is subjected to a linearly-distributed load. This combinatorial approach is to clarify the intensity of the stresses exerted onto the beam, to standardize the terms of stresses and their affection and to convert them into a more significant depiction of a probability distribution

Advancement of TRISO Nuclear Fuel Coaters for High Temperature Pebble Bed Nuclear Reactors: Environmentally Benign and Risk Free Proliferation 4th Generation Nuclear Energy [abstract]

Only abstract of poster available.Track I: Power GenerationThe success on nuclear energy produced by advanced high temperature gas reactors (AGRs) is dependent on tri-isotropic (TRISO) fuel particle coating. Today modern AGRs require essentially zero defective/failed coated particles. Unfortunately, the scale-up and design of the current coating processes using gas-solid spouted beds have been based on empirical approaches and are operated as “black boxes” due to lack of fundamental understanding of the hydrodynamics of spouted bed coaters. Further complicating future fuel-coating technology and nuclear energy production is the fact that fuel kernels of different sizes and densities are required to be manufactured. Therefore, in order to prevent the large risk associated with producing particles that do not meet the specifications, a fundamental understanding of the phenomena occurring in the spouted bed TRISO coater is needed. Accordingly, the overall research objectives of this project are 1) to advance the fundamental understanding of the hydrodynamics TRISO fuel coaters by systematically investigating the effect of design and operating variables, 2) to evaluate the reported dimensionless groups as scaling factors, 3) to establish a reliable scale-up methodology for TRISO fuel particle spouted bed coaters based on hydrodynamics similarity via advanced measurement and computational techniques, and 4) to develop an on-line, non-invasive measurement technique based on gamma ray densitometry (i.e., Nuclear Gauge Densitometry) that can be installed for industrial coater process monitoring to ensure proper performance and operation and to facilitate the developed scale-up methodology. To achieve these objectives the following research tools will be implemented and/or developed: • Optical probes for solid and gas holdup and solids velocity distribution measurements. • Gamma ray computed tomography (CT) for measuring the solid and gas holdup cross-sectional distribution along the spouted bed height, spouted diameter, and fountain height. • Radioactive particle tracking (RPT) technique for measuring the 3D flow patterns and field, solids velocity, turbulent parameters, circulation time, and many others. • Gas dynamics measurement technique. • Pressure transducers. In this presentation, the results and findings that are so far obtained with will be discussed and the work in progress will be outlined

Flow Regime Identification in a Bubble Column Via Nuclear Gauge Densitometry and Chaos Analysis

The Bubble Column Performance Can Change Significantly as a Result of Flow Regime Change. Since Reactor Volume Productivity, Mass and Heat Transfer as Well as Mixing Are Affected by the Prevailing Flow Regime, It is Very Important to Know How to Identify It. in This Work, Flow Regime Identification Was Performed on the Basis of the Kolmogorov Entropy (KE) Algorithm Applied to Nuclear Gauge Densitometry Data. in Addition, the Average Cycle Time Was Used for Validation of the Results. Three Transition Velocities Were Identified that Delineated the Boundaries of the Three Main Hydrodynamic Regimes. the First Two Transition Points Were Also Confirmed by the Information Entropy Concept. the Increasing KE Trend in the Bubbly Flow Regime and the Decreasing KE Trend in the Churn-Turbulent Regime Were Predicted Successfully by Means of New Semi-Theoretical Models. Copyright © 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim

Phase Distribution in an Upflow Monolith Reactor using Computed Tomography

Computed Tomography (CT) is Known to Be a Viable Technique for Determining Flow Maldistribution in Two-Phase Flow through Packed Beds. in This Study, Gamma Ray Computed Tomography Has Been Used to Quantify the Flow Distribution in a Monolith Catalytic Bed, with Water as the Liquid Phase and Air as the Gas Phase, Flowing Co-Currently Upward. the Flow Conditions Were Selected to Bracket Some Commercially Viable Operating Conditions for Such Reactors. in the Monolith Core Region, Fairly Uniform Flow Distribution Has Been Obtained for All the Flow Conditions Used. This Distribution is Quantified using the Standard Deviation of the Holdup Distribution. However, Maldistribution of Air and Water in the Monolith Bed Wall Region Due to Wall Effects at the Monolith Entrance Has Been Observed and Quantified by CT. the Obtained Results Confirm that the Entrance and Exit Regions of the Monolith Bed Need to Be Carefully Designed and to Be Free of Obstacles and Vortex Creating Devices. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers

Factors moderating the risk of PTSD, emotional and behavioral problems amongst children in war zones and refugees escaping from warfare

Children who grow up in war zones are typically exposed to multiple stressors including physical harm, intimidation or other forms of psychological trauma. This can also lead to Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. On the other hand, resilient children show no psychiatric distress even when they are exposed to severe traumatic stress. Additionally, the number of refugee children due to warfare reasons is increasing. Past empirical studies have recognized that the process of migration and living life as a refugee is detrimental to the psychological health of young refugees. In this symposium we will examine the prevalence and determinants of resiliency among refugee children and children living in conditions of war and violence. The first study investigated the psychological, social and somatic effects of chronic traumatic experience on Palestinian children over six years (2000-2006). The sample consisted of 1,137 children who completed: Checklist of Traumatic Experiences, Symptoms of PTSD Scale, Network of Psycho-Social Support and Personality Assessment Questionnaire. It was found that 41% of the participants suffered from PTSD. From these 25% suffered from cognitive symptoms; 22% suffered from emotional symptoms; 22% suffered from social behavioral problems; 17% suffered from academic and 14% suffered from somatic symptoms. The support of family, friends, relatives and teachers, and positive personality traits were found to be strong protective factors aiding recovery from trauma and PTSD. The second study evaluated the relation of exposure to war traumas, and violence in the family, community, and school, to PTSD symptoms, emotional and behavioral problems amongst 330 Palestinian children. Results highlight the additive effects of exposure to war traumas and violence in different settings. In addition, it was found that psychosocial support reduced the effects of environmental factors in developing PTSD and behavioral problems. The third study included data from two refugee charity organizations in the UK. There were 200 refugee children coming from war zones and 210 control children (non-refugees). The study aimed to look at a range of factors to assess the differences between the above groups with regards to their well-being and peer and sibling relationships. Results showed that refugee children were significantly more likely to be in the clinical range for total difficulties and to have higher health and physical problems, negative friendship quality and low self esteem compared to the control group. Refugees who were bullied at home and at school were also more likely to develop PTSD symptoms. Protective factors are also discussed in this study. The above studies emphasize the fact that interventionists should consider the full range of sources of environmental risk for PTSD and emotional and behavioral problems and should strengthen the psychosocial support for children in or coming from war zones

A Lagrangian Description of Flows in Stirred Tanks Via Computer-Automated Radioactive Particle Tracking (CARPT)

In This Study, Computer-Automated Radioactive Particle Tracking (CARPT) is Implemented for the First Time in the Characterization of Flows in Stirred Tanks. Both the Experimental Set-Up Are Discussed. the CARPT Technique is Seen to Capture Qualitatively Most of the Important Flow Phenomena Observed in Stirred Tank Flows, Like the Two Recirculating Loops above and Below the Impeller and the Dead Zones at the Bottom of the Tank. the CARPT Data is Also Used to Extract \u27\u27Sojourn\u27\u27 Time Distributions in Different Zones of the Reactor. These Distributions Are Used to Partially Quantify the Observed Dead and Active Zones in the Tank. © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All Rights Reserved

Comparison of Single- and Two-Bubble Class Gas-Liquid Recirculation Models - Application to Pilot-Plant Radioactive Tracer Studies during Methanol Synthesis

Radioactive Gas Tracer Measurements Conducted during Liquid-Phase Methanol Synthesis from Syngas in a Pilot-Scale Slurry Bubble Column at the Alternate Fuels Development Unit (AFDU), La Porte Have Been Compared with Simulations from Two Mechanistic Reactor Models - Single-Bubble Class Model (SBCM) and Two-Bubble Class Model (TBCM). the Model Parameters Are Estimated from an Independent Sub-Model Gas and Liquid Recirculation, and the Long-Time-Averaged Slip Velocity between the Gas and Liquid/slurry in the Column Center Can Be as High as 50-60 Cm/s Depending on the Operating Conditions. Comparison of Experimental Data with Simulation Results from the Two Models Indicates that Accurate Description of Interphase Gas-Liquid Mass Transfer is Crucial to the Reliable Prediction of Tracer Responses. Coupled with a Correct Description of Gas and Liquid Recirculation, the Models Presented Here Provides a Simple and Fundamentally based Methodology for Design and Scale-Up of Bubble Column Reactors. © 2001 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd

THE USE OF TEST-DAY MILK YIELD AND LAMBS WEIGHT FOR PREDICTION OF SOME PRODUCTIVE TRAITS IN AWASSI SHEEP

This study was included 155 records of Awassi ewes and 199 records of lambs born during two seasons (2011-2012), belonging to the College of Agriculture and Forestry, Mosul University. The effect of year was highly significant on all traits except for weight gain from weaning to 180 days (GW180d). Age of dam was significantly affected daily milk yield (DMY), birth weight (BW), weaning weight (WW) and gain from birth to weaning (GBW). Type of birth had significant  effect on DMY, BW,WW and weight at 180 days. The effect of lamb sex on WW, GBW was significant. Significant correlations coefficient were observed between DMY and total milk yield (TMY), months weight of lambs, GBW and GB180d being ranged from 0.46 to 0.99 and -0.44 to 0.99 respectively. The R2 values of prediction equations were high and ranged between 0.81 to 0.99 to predict TMY, and 0.97 to predict lamb weight at 180 days