Examining to see elite sight-disabled athletes according to the dimensions of the scale of motivation in sport

Made the purpose of this study is to examine to see disabled athletes according to the dimensions of the scale of motivation in sport. The study group is comprised of 168 visually impaired athletes in total, including 51 females and 117 males, identified by the targeted sampling method, between the ages of 15-25, who do sports at elite level. The Sport Motivation Scale (SMS) was developed by Pelletier (1995) basing on the Theory of Self Determination by Deci and Ryan (1985). The purpose of SMS is to determine the level of "internal motivation, external motivation and nonmotivation” of the person in the sports environment and to identify the source of motivation of the person (Kazak, 2004). Validity and reliability of the scale for Turkish athletes was studied by Kazak (2004).  In conclusion, this study has demonstrated that to know and succeed and to experience stimuli and identification subdimensions are effective in sports attendance of visually impaired athletes engaged in sports at elite level. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that age, education level and sports branch variables have an impact on tendency for sports. It can be concluded that compared to older athletes, younger athletes have low tendency for sports because of anxiety and embarrassment and are not conscious about why they do sports. It has been concluded that athletes of weight lifting and judo, which have contribution to physical development at the top level, believe the nature of their sports branch contributes more to their physical development and their strength is acknowledged and appreciated by other people.// Annotate Highligh

1995-2019 Yılları Arasında Türkiye’nin Yolsuzluk Düzeyi ile Kurumlar Vergisi Arasındaki İlişki

Kurumlar vergisi, tüzel kişilerden ve sermaye şirketlerinin kurum kazançları üzerinden alınan bir vergidir. Kurumlar vergisinin başlangıcı 1909 yılı olmasına rağmen özellikle Birinci Dünya Savaşı sonrasında bu vergi önem kazanmıştır. Uluslararası Şeffaflık Örgütü, ülkelerin kamu kesiminde algılanan yolsuzluğu 1995 yılından itibaren anketler yardımıyla ölçmekte ve yolsuzluk algılama endeksi olarak yıllık bazda yayınlamaktadır. Endeks ülkelerdeki yoksulluk seviyelerini 2012 yılına kadar 0-10 arasında, 2012 yılı sonrasında ise 0-100 arasında değerlendirmektedir. Ülkelerdeki endeks değerlerinin sıfıra yaklaşması yolsuzluğun arttığı anlamına gelmektedir. Çalışmamızda, Türkiye’nin 1995-2019 yılları arasındaki kurumlar vergisi oranları, kurumlar vergisi gelirleri, kurumlar vergisi gelirlerinin GSYH içindeki payı ile yolsuzluk algılama endeksi arasındaki ilişki, yıllık veriler kullanılarak granger nedensellik analizi yardımıyla analiz edilmiştir. Ülkemizdeki kurumlar vergisi oranları referans yılları içinde değişiklik göstermesi nedeniyle kurumlar vergisi gelirlerinde ve kurumlar vergisi gelirlerinin GSYH içindeki payında değişikliğe neden olmaktadır. Vergi oranlarındaki değişikliğin bu olumsuz etkisini ortadan kaldırmak amacıyla referans yıllardaki vergi oranlarının ortalaması alınarak kurumlar vergisi gelirleri ve gelirlerin GSYH içindeki payı yeniden hesaplanarak analize dahil edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, değişkenler arasında ilişki olmadığı tespit edilmiştir

Disturbed endometrial NF-κB expression in women with recurrent implantation failure

OBJECTIVE: This study was planned to investigate whether expression levels of endometrial NF-κB1 and NFκB p65 changes in women with recurrent implantation failure (RIF). PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study group consists of 30 RIF patients having at least three previous failed IVF cycles. The control group comprises of 30 patients having one or no previous failed attempt. Endometrial samples were obtained from all participants during hysteroscopy at the late follicular phase. Samples underwent ELISA analysis and immunohistochemical staining. The semi-quantitative H-Score method was used for analyzing the intensity of endometrial NF-κB p65 expression. RESULTS: The concentrations of endometrial NF-κB1 were found to be significantly increased when compared to control subjects. Likewise, significantly increased NF-κB p65 immunoreactivity was detected in the cytoplasm of luminal and glandular epithelial cells. The H-Score of NF- κB p65 in RIF women was found to be significantly increased when compared to control group. CONCLUSIONS: Increased levels of NF-κB1 and NF-κB p65 in the endometrium of RIF women can disturb physiological inflammation which is known to be positive modulator of endometrial receptivity

Gestational diabetes mellitus screening and outcomes

Objective: To verify the usefulness of the World Health Organization criteria for the diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus in pregnant women and its effectiveness in the prevention of maternal and neonatal adverse results in women younger than 35 years without apparent risk factors for gestational diabetes mellitus. Material and Methods: This is a retrospective study based on population involving 1360 pregnant women who delivered and who were followed-up in a university hospital in Istanbul. All women underwent the 75-g oral glucose tolerance test screening, usually in between the 24 th- 28 th weeks of pregnancy. In all cases, the identification of gestational diabetes mellitus was determined in accordance with the World Health Organization criteria. Results: Approximately 28% of the pregnant women aged younger than 35 years with no risk factors for gestational diabetes mellitus were diagnosed with the oral glucose tolerance test in this study. In the gestational diabetes mellitus group, the primary cesarean section rate was importantly higher than that in the non-gestational diabetes mellitus group. Preterm delivery was also associated with gestational diabetes mellitus. The diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus was strongly associated with admittance to the neonatal intensive care unit. Neonatal respiratory problems didn’t showed any significant deviation between the groups. There was a moderate association between gestational dia - betes mellitus and metabolic complications. Conclusion: Pregnant women with no obvious risk factors were diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus using the World Health Organiza - tion criteria. The treatment of these women potentially reduced their risk of adverse maternal and neonatal hyperglycemia-related events, such as cesarean section, polyhydramnios, preterm delivery, admission to neonatal intensive care unit, large for gestational age, and higher neonata

Follicular fluid cerebellin and betatrophin regulate the metabolic functions of growing follicles in polycystic ovary syndrome

Objective The aim of this study was to assess the changes of follicular fluid (FF) and serum levels of cerebellin precursor protein 1 (cbln1) and betatrophin in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) undergoing in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF/ICSI) with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist protocol. Methods Twenty infertile women with PCOS and 20 control women diagnosed as poor responders undergoing ovarian stimulation with a GnRH antagonist were included. Blood samples were obtained during ovum pick-up. Follicular fluid from a dominant follicle was collected from the subjects. Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, FF and serum levels of cbln1 and betatrophin were measured in both groups of participants. Metabolic and hormonal parameters were also determined and correlated with each other. Results Both groups of women had similar serum and FF betatrophin levels (55.0±8.9 ng/mL vs. 53.1±10.3 ng/mL, p=0.11). The serum and FF betatrophin levels of poor responders were found to be similar (49.9±5.9 ng/mL vs. 48.9±10.7 ng/mL, p=0.22). Conversely, the FF cbln1 levels of PCOS women were found to be significantly higher than the serum cbln1 levels (589.1±147.6 ng/L vs. 531.7±74.3 ng/L, p < 0.02). The FF cbln1 levels of control participants without PCOS were significantly higher than their serum cbln1 levels (599.3±211.5 ng/L vs. 525.3±87.0 ng/L, p=0.01). Positive correlations were detected among body mass index, insulin resistance, serum insulin, total testosterone, and betatrophin levels in the PCOS group. Conclusion Follicular fluid betatrophin and cbln1 concentrations may play a pivotal role on follicular growth in PCOS subjects undergoing IVF/ICSI with an antagonist protocol

Nuclear factor-kappa B expression in the endometrium of normal and overweight women with polycystic ovary syndrome

WOS: 000411307000017PubMed ID: 28617068The aim of this study was to investigate whether the expression levels of endometrial NF kappa B p65 differ between normal weight and overweight PCOS women and to compare them with BMI-matched control subjects without PCOS. The study group comprised 20 normal weight (BMI: 18.5-24.9 kg/m(2)) and 15 overweight PCOS women (BMI: 25-29.9 kg/m(2)) with infertility. Healthy fertile women without PCOS were recruited as the control group. The patients in the normal weight PCOS group and control group were age and BMI-matched. Endometrial samples were obtained during the mid-luteal phase for immunohistochemical staining. The H-Score method was used to evaluate NF-kappa B p65 (Rel A) expression. Both normal and overweight PCOS women demonstrated significantly higher endometrial NF-kappa B p65 expression than the women without PCOS. The H-scores of endometrial NF-kappa B p65 expression were similar in both groups of PCOS women. NF-kappa B p65 was positively correlated with serum insulin, HOMA-IR and total testosterone levels in PCOS women. By leading to pathological inflammation, an increase in NF-kappa B p65 expression in the endometrium of normal and overweight PCOS women may contribute to PCOS-related subfertility. IMPACT STATEMENT What is already known on this subject: Although the pathogenesis of PCOS has not yet been clarified, low-grade chronic inflammation is gradually being established as an important pathogenetic factor. Increased levels of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and TNF-alpha. have been reported in women with PCOS. Causes of pathological endometrial inflammation may arise from either a local endometrial disease or linked to diseases which are located in a distant reproductive tissue. Nevertheless, possible role of endometrial NF-kappa B, basic cellular regulatory of inflammation, in the pathophysiology of PCOS related implantation defect has not been elucidated yet. What do the results of this study add: This study provides first and novel insights into the relationship between PCOS related infertility and pathological endometrial inflammation. We demonstrated that there is a close association between PCOS and pathological endometrial inflammation. Moreover, we clearly showed that pathological endometrial inflammation occurs in both normal and overweight women with PCOS. Further, endometrial NF-kappa B p65 (Rel A) expression were found to be positively correlated with serum insulin levels and hyperandrogenism in overweight PCOS women. What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice: If we can analyse pathological endometrial inflammation by measuring endometrial NF-kappa B p65 (Rel A) expression, treatment could be directed towards eliminating the source of pathological endometrial inflammation

Serum and follicular fluid irisin levels in poor and high responder women undergoing IVF/ICSI

WOS: 000382459500005PubMed ID: 27249590OBJECTIVE: We examined the follicular fluid (FF) and serum levels of irisin in high and poor responders undergoing IVF/ICSI to test whether irisin has a role in the metabolic regulation of energy homeostasis in growing follicle. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty infertile women with PCOS and 20 poor responder participants undergoing controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) with GnRH antagonist protocol for IVF/ICSI treatment were allocated. Blood was obtained at the time of oocyte retrieval. The follicular fluid content of mature follicles was collected from both high and poor responder women. Irisin levels were measured by using EIA. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between serum and FF-irisin levels in women with PCOS. (11.18 +/- 5.14 mu g/mL vs. 11.06 +/- 4.93 mu g/mL, p < 0.96). In contrast, serum levels of irisin in poor responders were significantly higher than in the FF-irisin levels (13.13 +/- 4.27 mu g/mL vs. 10.09 +/- 4.14 mu g/mL, p < 0.01). FF-irisin levels of PCOS subjects were positively and significantly correlated with serum levels of irisin (r: 0.81, p < 0.00). Serum irisin was positively associated with serum levels of total testosterone but was negatively associated with HOMA-IR in the overall patient population. FF-irisin levels were also noted to be negatively correlated with HOMA-IR. Although there is no correlation between serum irisin and AMH levels, FF irisin levels were negatively correlated with serum AMH levels in PCOS subjects. Contrary to PCOS group there were no significant correlation between serum and FF-irisin levels in poor responder group (r: 0.21; p < 0.35). CONCLUSIONS: The present study is the first attempt to explore the role of irisin in oocyte development by measuring FF and serum levels of this molecules in patients with poor and high responders undergoing IVF/ICSI

Frozen embryo transfer prevents the detrimental effect of high estrogen on endometrium receptivity

WOS: 000398542000008PubMed ID: 28506949Objective: To investigate whether serum levels of estradiol affect reproductive outcomes of normoresponder women undergoing fresh embryo transfer (ET) versus frozen-thawed ET (FET). Material and Methods: Two hundred fifty-five normoresponder women underwent fresh ET in their first or second in vitro fertilization cycle. Ninety-two women with negative pregnacy test results underwent FET. Clinical and ongoing pregnancy rates, implantation, and live birth rates of women undergoing fresh ET versus FET were compared. Results: One hundred forty-seven (57.65%) out of the 255 normoresponder women receiving FET had positive beta-human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) results. The remaining 108 women had negative beta-hCG results. The clinical pregnancy rates of the fresh ET group were found as 55.69% (n=142). Ninety-two of the 108 women with failed pregnancies underwent FET; 72.83% had positive beta-hCG results (n=67), and 70.65% had clinical pregnancy (n=65). Both biochemical and clinical pregnancy rates of women undergoing FET increased significantly (p<0.012 and p<0.013, respectively). Ongoing pregnancy (60.87% vs. 52.94%) and live birth rates (59.87% vs. 48.63%) were similar in both fresh and FET groups. Serum E2 levels of women who failed to conceive were significantly higher than those women did conceive. Serum progesterone levels of women who conceived versus those that did not were similar. Conclusion: The detrimental effect of high serum estradiol levels on endometrial receptivity could be prevented by FET

Surgery for benign gynecological disorders improve endometrium receptivity: A systematic review of the literature

WOS: 000394802500002PubMed ID: 27485359Regardless of the anatomical locations, some benign gynecological disorders (BGDs) such as peritoneal endometriosis, ovarian endometrioma, adenomyosis, uterine leiomyomas, endometrial polyps, uterine septum, and hydrosalpinges may lead to implantation failure. Despite progress in medical therapies, surgery remains a mainstay of BGDs treatment. Although our knowledge of endometrial receptivity after BGDs surgery is limited, it has allowed for significant improvement in the treatment of female subfertility. Many researchers studied on pregnancy outcome following BGDs surgery, but they did not investigate the possible impact of surgery on endometrial receptivity. They, therefore, concluded that pregnancy rates improved after BGDs surgery based on clinical observations. Many of these clinicians believe that surgical resection of BGDs leads to removal of local mechanical effect over the endometrium. Moreover, they accept that BGDs surgery may inhibit the detrimental signaling and secretion of some molecules from the BGDSs into the endometrium that may lead to favorable effect on the endometrium. However, so far, data from randomized controlled trials or systematic review or meta-analyses to answer the question whether surgical treatment of BGDs can improve endometrial receptivity are lacking. The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate the results of available publications dealing with the impact of reproductive surgery for BGDs on endometrial receptivity

The effects of polycystic ovary syndrome on gestational diabetes mellitus

WOS: 000374873900012PubMed ID: 26479686The aim of this study was to explore the inter-relationship between polycystic ovary syndrome and gestational diabetes mellitus, and demonstrate maternal and fetal outcomes. This was a case-control study in 1360 pregnant women who received a diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus between 24 and 28 weeks of gestational age. Among all diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus, 150 pregnant women had received a polycystic ovary syndrome, and 160 women who did not have polycystic ovary syndrome were designated as controls. The incidence of pregnancy-induced hypertension was 26.3% and 12% in the case and control groups, respectively. Preeclampsia was seen at an incidence of 12% and 6% in case and in control groups, respectively. The difference in neonatal hypoglycemia between the two groups was statistically significant, with an incidence of 17% and 5% in the case and in control groups, respectively. This study demonstrated that the presence of polycystic ovary syndrome along with gestational diabetes mellitus increases the risk of pregnancy induced hypertension by 2.4 fold, preeclampsia by 2 fold and neonatal hypoglycemia by 3.2 fold, compared to gestational diabetes mellitus alone