Evaluation of electric and magnetic fields distribution and SAR induced in 3D models of water containers by radiofrequency radiation using FDTD and FEM simulation techniques

In this study, two software packages using different numerical techniques FEKO 6.3 with Finite-Element Method (FEM) and XFDTD 7 with Finite Difference Time Domain Method (FDTD) were used to assess exposure of 3D models of square, rectangular, and pyramidal shaped water containers to electromagnetic waves at 300, 900, and 2400 MHz frequencies. Using the FEM simulation technique, the peak electric field of 25, 4.5, and 2 V/m at 300 MHz and 15.75, 1.5, and 1.75 V/m at 900 MHz were observed in pyramidal, rectangular, and square shaped 3D container models, respectively. The FDTD simulation method confirmed a peak electric field of 12.782, 10.907, and 10.625 V/m at 2400 MHz in the pyramidal, square, and rectangular shaped 3D models, respectively. The study demonstrated an exceptionally high level of electric field in the water in the two identical pyramid shaped 3D models analyzed using the two different simulation techniques. Both FEM and FDTD simulation techniques indicated variations in the distribution of electric, magnetic fields, and specific absorption rate of water stored inside the 3D container models. The study successfully demonstrated that shape and dimensions of 3D models significantly influence the electric and magnetic fields inside packaged materials; thus, specific absorption rates in the stored water vary according to the shape and dimensions of the packaging materials.Comment: 22 pages, 30 figures and 2 table

Roles of Social Conformity in Deviance in Poverty: A Study on Working Poverty and Educational Investment in Bangladesh

In recent decades the Indian subcontinent has displayed remarkable invariance in the incidence of working poverty despite strong economic performance. It is widely held that education can rescue households from various types of poverty traps created by information problems and incorrect expectations. Yet very little is known about the motivation of the working poor in acquiring education. From a field study conducted in Bangladesh, this paper provides invaluable insights for the first time, to our best understanding, into the factors that shape the decision of a poor household to care about and respond to educational decisions of others in one's community. Based on the Choice-Theoretic Framework of Rational Emulation and Deviance , this paper empirically explains why some households choose to copy others, while some choose deviance even though social deviance in acquiring education can throw subjects into abject poverty. In particular, the paper examines the determinants of the (individual) educational expenditure of a household sheltering the working poor

Helsinki Memorandum of Understanding as a sluggish policy: A critical discourse analysis with process types

Helsinki Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) between the government of Indonesia (GoI) and the Free Aceh Movement (GAM) celebrated its 18th anniversary in 2023. However, its discursive aspect and efficacy are still under-researched. This article aims to analyze the process types in the Helsinki MoU text and explore the policy implementation of the agreement on the social changes in Aceh. The MoU document was retrieved from the United Nations peacemakers’ website. Mixed methods with descriptive statistics were used to identify, interpret, and explain the data. Hallidayan systemic linguistics was employed to identify the process types and the transitivity patterns. Critical discourse analysis (CDA) as an explanatory critique was applied to critical social analysis. The findings show that the material processes dominated the Helsinki MoU text (73%), followed by the relational processes (18%), and verbal processes (4%). The actors were generally in the form of concepts and sometimes obfuscated. Meanwhile, the goals were also mostly realized by concepts. Explanatory critique reveals that there was a vagueness and hidden power relation between the GoI and GAM in the peace deal. The GoI has also been inconsistent with some of the agendas. The Helsinki MoU has yet to produce comprehensive outcomes for Aceh’s development and has seemingly served as a bureaucratic means of control. The current study has limited itself to the single MoU text. Therefore, for deeper inquiries further research should focus on multiple similar texts and use a different research design, including intertextuality, questionnaires, and interviews

FE Analysis of Creep and Hygroexpansion Response of a Corrugated Fiberboarad to a Moisture Flow: a Transient Nonlinear Analysis

This paper presents a model using finite element method to study the response of a typical commercial corrugated fiberboard due to an induced moisture function at one side of the fiberboard. The model predicts how the moisture diffusion will permeate through the fiberboard's layers (medium and liners) providing information on moisture content at any given point throughout the structure. The hygroexpansion response and the creep response were predicted through the development of a finite element model capable of capturing the behavior of the fiberboard. Comparing the results generated from the model with actual experimental results validates the accuracy of the computational model. The model predicts the deformation response due to combined hygroexpansion and creep as the relative humidity rises from 38% RH to 86%. The parameters studied and calibrated include: the coefficient of moisture diffusion of the liner and the medium boards, the coefficient of moisture expansion, and the constants in the creep constitutive law. The results generated from the finite element model showed excellent agreement with the experimental results for a short column corrugated fiberboard and a board model representing a container box side-panel dimension. The results were generated in a cyclic relative humidity condition. A successful development of a reliable computational model holds the promise for analyzing collapse mechanism of container boxes in the service field under real weather condition data without dependency on expensive time-consuming experimental investigations. This is of great benefit to the shipping industry and the public

The relationship between environmental abundant electromagnetic fields and packaging shape to their effects on the 17O NMR and Raman spectra of H2O-NaCl

In this study, two identical groups of four containers with different packaging shapes made of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) were used to store H 2 O–NaCl solution for seven days at ambient room temperature (25°C). Faraday shield was used to shield one group. The surrounding electromagnetic fields were measured during the storage period by using R&S®TS-EMF EMF measurement system. Samples of H 2 O–NaCl were collected at the end of the storage period and examined by 17 Oxygene nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( 17 O NMR) and Raman spectroscopy. Electromagnetic simulation was used to explore the relationship between the packaging shape of H 2 O–NaCl containers and the environmentally abundant electromagnetic fields to their effects on the cluster size of water. The study showed variations in the cluster size of water stored inside the two groups of containers. It was observed that the cluster size of water stored in the unshielded containers was lower than that of the shielded containers. The cluster size of water stored in the unshielded pyramidal container was lower than the cluster size of water stored in the unshielded rectangular, square, and cylindrical containers. The EM simulation results showed significant variations in the total specific absorption rate SAR and maximum point SAR values induced in the H 2 O–NaCl solution in the unshielded container models at 2400MHz for both vertical and horizontal polarization. It can be concluded that the variations in the values of SAR induced in H 2 O–NaCl solution are directly related to the variations in the cluster size of the stored water

Modelling and Digital Mapping of the Infiltration Characteristics of Major Agricultural Soils

A study was attempted to assess the infiltration characteristics of major soils of Sohag governorate, Egypt. Twelve soil profiles were exposed and morphologically examined to represent the soils of the study area. Horizon-wise soil samples were taken and analyzed for physical and chemical properties. The infiltration field measurements were made for five hours using a double-ring infiltrometer, and the empirical Kostiakov’s infiltration model was applied. The results indicated that the soils were classified as Aridisols, Entisols, and Vertisols. Initial infiltration rates ranged between 0.80 and 6.67 m/day. The highest values (6.47 and 6.67 m/day) were observed in locations No. 11 and 12, where the coarse texture prevailed. The fine texture soils recorded the lowest values (0.80, 0.81, and 0.82 m/day) in locations No. 8, 4, and 7, respectively. Infiltration rate is classified as very rapid, rapid, moderately rapid, and moderate. A correlation was found between steady infiltration rates and sand, hydraulic conductivity, CaCO3 content, and organic carbon in order r=0.95, 0.93, 0.74, and 0.79. However, were found to be negatively correlated with the infiltration rates (r= -0.80, -0.91, -0.95, -0.97, -0.64, -0.91, respectively. Whereas bulk density showed an insignificant relationship (p=0.05) with infiltration rates in the order of r=0.13. GIS environment was used to generate different maps of soil parameters, and finally, the infiltration map was produced for the study area

Antibiotic susceptibility profile and extended spectrum β-lactamases production by uropathogenic Escherichia coli from tertiary care hospital of rural settings

Background: Escherichia coli are the most common cause of urinary tract infections in community as well as hospital settings. Emergence of drug resistance in Escherichia coli due to various mechanisms makes the treatment options very limited. This study was undertaken to detect ESBLs in uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolates and to determine their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern in rural setting.Methods: A prospective study was done on 502 E. coli isolates from clinically suspected cases of urinary tract infections (UTI) patients of all age groups. All samples were inoculated on Cysteine Lactose Electrolyte Deficient Agar (CLED). Organisms grown in pure culture were identified by standard biochemical tests. Antibiotic susceptibility test was done by the Kirby Bauer Disc diffusion method on Muller Hinton agar. ESBL detection was done as per CLSI guidelines.Results: Of the 502 isolates of Escherichia coli, nitrofurantoin (82%) was found be most sensitive antimicrobial followed by amikacin (73%), gentamycin (71%) and imipenem (64%). Common empirically used antibiotics like fluroquinolones and Cotrimoxazole drugs showed alarming rate of resistance. 60% isolates were found to be multidrug resistant. ESBL production was detected in 31% isolates. ESBL producing strains were found to be more drug resistant than non ESBL producing strains.Conclusions: So, drug resistance due to production of ESBLs in Escherichia coli is a serious threat for clinicians. Strict infection control measures and early detection of beta lactamase producing isolates are the need of the hour to contain the emergence of this type of resistance