Fiscal Adjustment: Trade-offs of Macro-economic Goals and Recent Policy Reforms in Pakistan

Fiscal policy, being an embodiment of government measures to raise resources through taxes, tariffs of utilities, user charges and pricing of public sector goods, diverts resources from private sector to the government which rechannels these resource into socially preferred activities. The resource diversion and their rechannelisation helps achieve certain economic goals, and for this reason, the fiscal policy has strong interactive linkages with other macro economic policies. By virtue of this strong bond, the fiscal indicators have a close interactive association with other macro economic indicators. For this reason, the role of fiscal policy is inevitably vulnerable to influences of other economic policies and fiscal discipline and general economic health of the country become interlinked. This linkage results in generating trade offs between different macroeconomic policy goals. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate how interaction of macro economic policies in Pakistan has moved over the years in past and to assess the ultimate impact on fiscal adjustment of economic policies initiated under the structural adjustment and stabilisation (SAAS) reforms. This presentation centres around the basic hypothesis that the fiscal stability chiefly depends on interaction between public finances and other macro indicators of the economy which are differently influenced by different policies. The objective is to demonstrate how conflicting goals made the task of the policy mix under SAAS reforms difficult in reducing the fiscal gap.

Emerging Anisotropic Compact Stars in f(G,T)f(\mathcal{G},T) Gravity

The possible emergence of compact stars has been investigated in the recently introduced modified Gauss-Bonnet $f(\mathcal{G},T)$ gravity, where $\mathcal{G}$ is the Gauss-Bonnet term and ${T}$ is the trace of the energy-momentum tensor. Specifically, for this modified $f(\mathcal{G}, T)$ theory, the analytic solutions of Krori and Barua have been applied to anisotropic matter distribution. To determine the unknown constants appearing in Krori and Barua metric, the well-known three models of the compact stars namely 4U1820-30, Her X-I, and SAX J 1808.4-3658 have been used. The analysis of the physical behavior of the compact stars has been presented and the physical features like energy density and pressure, energy conditions, static equilibrium, stability, measure of anisotropy, and regularity of the compact stars, have been discussed.Comment: 27 pages, 43 figures, 1 table, minor change

Impact of Quality of Work life on Business Process Re-engineering: Developing and Proposing a Conceptual Model

Quality of work life has a lot of impact on Business Process Re-engineering (BPR). Three important aspects discussed in the study are the quality of work life, the performance management and job satisfaction, and BPR. Quality of work life (QWL) leads to performance management and job satisfaction which in turn affect the BPR. BPR is a dependent variable which depends on quality of work life: the independent variable. Keywords: Quality of work life, Performance Management, Job Satisfaction, Creativity, Innovation, Quality, Business Process Re-engineering

Genomics and transcriptomics to protect rice (\u3ci\u3eOryza sativa\u3c/i\u3e L.) from abiotic stressors: -pathways to achieving zero hunger

More over half of the world’s population depends on rice as a major food crop. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is vulnerable to abiotic challenges including drought, cold, and salinity since it grown in semi-aquatic, tropical, or subtropical settings. Abiotic stress resistance has bred into rice plants since the earliest rice cultivation techniques. Prior to the discovery of the genome, abiotic stressrelated genes were identified using forward genetic methods, and abiotic stress-tolerant lines have developed using traditional breeding methods. Dynamic transcriptome expression represents the degree of gene expression in a specific cell, tissue, or organ of an individual organism at a specific point in its growth and development. Transcriptomics can reveal the expression at the entire genome level during stressful conditions from the entire transcriptional level, which can be helpful in understanding the intricate regulatory network relating to the stress tolerance and adaptability of plants. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) gene families found comparatively using the reference genome sequences of other plant species, allowing for genome-wide identification. Transcriptomics via gene expression profiling which have recently dominated by RNA-seq complements genomic techniques. The identification of numerous important qtl,s genes, promoter elements, transcription factors and miRNAs involved in rice response to abiotic stress was made possible by all of these genomic and transcriptomic techniques. The use of several genomes and transcriptome methodologies to comprehend rice (Oryza sativa, L.) ability to withstand abiotic stress have been discussed in this revie

Fiscal Adjustment: Trade-offs of Macro-economic Goals and Recent Policy Reforms in Pakistan

Fiscal policy, being an embodiment of government measures to raise resources through taxes, tariffs of utilities, user charges and pricing of public sector goods, diverts resources from private sector to the government which rechannels these resource into socially preferred activities. The resource diversion and their rechannelisation helps achieve certain economic goals, and for this reason, the fiscal policy has strong interactive linkages with other macro economic policies. By virtue of this strong bond, the fiscal indicators have a close interactive association with other macro economic indicators. For this reason, the role of fiscal policy is inevitably vulnerable to influences of other economic policies and fiscal discipline and general economic health of the country become interlinked. This linkage results in generating trade offs between different macroeconomic policy goals

The Effects of Social Media on the Undergraduate Students’ Academic Performances

Social Media are growing rapidly among the young generation all over the world. University age students widely engaged using Social Media. So, they will affect students personal and professional live. Thus, this study is designed to find out the positive and negative effects of social media on the academic performances of students in Alberoni University of Afghanistan. As quantitative approach was adapted to collect the relevant data of study, a number of 371 survey questionnaires were administered among the undergraduates in nine faculties of Alberoni University. Subsequently, SPSS software was applied to analyze the relevant data of the study. It was concluded that in despite of public views concerning the misuse of social media among students in the society, most of the students were interested to use social media positively for their educations. The positive impacts of social media among the undergraduates appeared to be higher as compared to negative impacts. However, results of ANOVA showed that there are no statistically significant differences between positive and negative impact of social media and students\u27 academic achievements. Educators and students can use social media as informational and communication tools to ease and improve learning process

A Case of India and Iran, Political Relationship since Gulf War to 2001

Encouraging national interest is the basic objective of foreign policy.  From this view point, this paper tries to analyze the India‘s role in making political relations good with all over the world especially with the Middle East and more specially with Iran. Indo –Iran relations have an evidences of centuries back marked by meaningful interactions. These two Countries share a border till 1947, and they share some common features in their Language, Culture and Traditions. Both regions of South Asia and the Persian Gulf have Powerful political Commercial, Cultural, Energy and people to people links. After independence, India and Iran established diplomatic relations on March 1950. Currently India has two Consulates in Iran, Bandar Abbas and Zahedan. Shah of Iran visited India in March 1956 and also Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru visited Iran in September 1959. Prime Minister Smt. Indira Gandhi visited Iran in April 1974 and Prime Minister Shri Moraji Desai visited Iran in June 1977 and again Shah of Iran visited India in February 1978. India was always trying to remain close to the Arab region, and especially with the Gulf, significantly contributing India’s energy requirements, India has always favored a broad-based engagement with the West Asian countries to foster both economic and strategic interests. These two countries made some high level visits to each other’s country for the promotion, development and improvement of their political, economic, and commercial relations. Keywords: bilateral, cultural, Economic relations, Iran, India, high level delegation visits, energy national interest