CURRENT PHARMACOLOGICAL STATUS OF CARDIOPROTECTIVE PLANTS AGAINST ISOPROTERENOL INDUCED MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

 Objective: Cardiovascular diseases are the major cause of morbidity and mortality in the modern era. Myocardial infarction is a condition where there is a significant decrease or block in the blood (oxygen) supply to the part of heart, leading to degeneration of a portion of the myocardium which triggers a cascade of cellular, inflammatory and biochemical events, leading eventually to the irreversible death (necrosis) of heart muscle cells. Various therapeutic interventions, including lifestyle modification, pharmacological treatment options, and surgical techniques are available. The present review focus on the plants that have been evaluated for cardioprotective activity against isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction.Method: The current status of Cardioprotective plants was obtained from a literature search of electronic databases such as Google Scholar, Pubmed and Scopus up to 2017 for publications on medicinal plants used against isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction. Isoproterenol, Isoprenaline, myocardial infarction, cardioprotective were used as keywords for the searching.Result: A total of 117 different plant parts and their extracts have till now been published to possess cardioprotection against isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction. Isoproterenol a beta-adrenergic receptors agonist causes severe stress in myocardium resulting in the infarct-like lesion and produced cardiotoxic effects by elevating the levels of cardiac biomarkers and causing changes in ECG. Plant-based medicines with their antioxidant, antiapoptotic, antihyperlipidemic, platelet antiaggregatory, anti-lipid peroxidation property provide substantial evidence for the management of Ischemia.Conclusion: This review, therefore, provides a useful resource to enable a thorough assessment of the profile of plants that have cardioprotective activity against isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction

Evolution of nocturnal temperature inversions - A numerical study

A series of numerical simulations using a one-dimensional energy balance model suggest that both the depth and the intensity of the nocturnal temperature inversion depend on surface emissivity �g and a ground cooling rate parameter β (which inthe model is a surrogate for the inverse square root of the soil thermal diffusivity), especially under calm conditions. It is found that, after a transient that may last a few hours after nominal sunset, both depth and intensity follow the classical parabolic growth law, but only under calm conditions. If the ground cools faster the transient for the inversion depth is longer and the inversion deeper. If the surface is radiatively darker, the transient is again longer but the inversion depth is lower. The temperature at the top of the inversion is not strongly influenced by �g or β, but, depending on whether the reference is taken at the surface or at screen height, the intensity of the inversion decreases (or increases) with a drop in �g; it also increases with increase in ground cooling rate but with either choice of reference temperature. With wind, the inversion may be deeper during the transient than under calm conditions, but eventually becomes both shallower and weaker, and may disappear altogether at high winds. The effect of wind is found to be negligible whenthe frictionv elocity is less than0.2 ms −1. Comparison with observations shows general qualitative agreement, but also suggests that the highly variable results reported inthe literature onin version parameters may be due to site-dependent surface characteristics whose effects, till now ignored, need explicit attentionin future field observations and models

A First-Order Explicit-Implicit Splitting Method for a Convection-Diffusion Problem

We analyze a second-order in space, first-order in time accurate finite difference method for a spatially periodic convection-diffusion problem. This method is a time stepping method based on the first-order Lie splitting of the spatially semidiscrete solution. In each time step, on an interval of length k, of this solution, the method uses the backward Euler method for the diffusion part, and then applies a stabilized explicit forward Euler approximation on m >= 1 intervals of length k/m for the convection part. With h the mesh width in space, this results in an error bound of the form C(0)h(2) + C(m)k for appropriately smooth solutions, where C-m <= C\u27 + C-\u27\u27/m. This work complements the earlier study [V. Thomee and A. S. Vasudeva Murthy, An explicit- implicit splitting method for a convection-diffusion problem, Comput. Methods Appl. Math. 19 (2019), no. 2, 283-293] based on the second-order Strang splitting

Studies of Phosphazenes: Part II*-Reactions of Hexachlorocyclotriphosphazatriene with N-Methylaniline

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An Explicit-Implicit Splitting Method for a Convection-Diffusion Problem

We analyze a second-order accurate finite difference method for a spatially periodic convection-diffusion problem. The method is a time stepping method based on the Strang splitting of the spatially semidiscrete solution, in which the diffusion part uses the Crank-Nicolson method and the convection part the explicit forward Euler approximation on a shorter time interval. When the diffusion coefficient is small, the forward Euler method may be used also for the diffusion term

Hopf-cole transformation to some systems of partial differential equations

In this paper we study a system of nonlinear partial differential equations which we write as a Burgers equation for matrix and use the Hopf-Cole transformation to linearize it. Using this method we solve initial value problem and initial boundary value problems for some systems of parabolic partial differential equations. Also we study an initial value problem for a system of nonlinear partial differential equations of first order which does not have solution in the standard distribution sense and construct an explicit solution in the algebra of generalized functions of Colombeau

Finite difference methods for the heat equation with a nonlocal boundary condition

We consider the numerical solution by finite difference methods of the heat equation in one space dimension, with a nonlocal integral boundary condition, resulting from the truncation to a finite interval of the problem on a semi-infinite interval. We first analyze the forward Euler method, and then the theta-method for

Finite difference methods for the heat equation with a nonlocal boundary condition

We consider the numerical solution by finite difference methods of the heat equation in one space dimension, with a nonlocal integral boundary condition, resulting from the truncation to a finite interval of the problem on a semi-infinite interval. We first analyze the forward Euler method, and then the theta-method for