Effect of Turbocharger Compression Ratio on Performance of the Spark-Ignition Internal Combustion Engine

Internal Combustion Engines (ICE) are one of the most important engineering applications that operate based on the conversion of chemical energy from fuel into thermal energy as a result of direct combustion. The obtained thermal energy is then turned into kinetic energy to derive various means of transportation, such as marine, air, and land vehicles. The efficiency of ICE today is considered in the range of the intermediate level, and various improvements are being made to enhance its efficiency. The turbocharger can support the ICE, which works by increasing the pressure in the engine to enhance its efficiency. In this investigation, the effect of the turbocharger pressure on ICE performance was studied in the range of 2 to 10 bar. It was found that the increase in turbocharger pressure enhanced the pressure inside the engine, positively affecting engine efficiency indicators. Therefore, the increase in turbocharger pressure is directly proportional to the ICE efficiency. Doi: 10.28991/ESJ-2022-06-03-04 Full Text: PD

CFD Prediction of Forced Draft Counter-Flow Cooling Tower Performance

Numerical and experimental studies were conducted for open type forced draftwater cooling tower. The numerical part includes a three dimensional computationalsolution of air and water simultaneous equations which represents the fluid flow,heat transfer and mass transfer. Finite volume method with staggered grid and ke-turbulent model was used. Experimentally, mechanical forced draft counter-flowcooling tower was used to validate the numerical results. The agreement seemsacceptable between the numerical and experimental results

Manufacturing and Study the performance of Selective Surfaces that used in flat plate Solar Collectors

In this research an experimental study has done for testing the thermal performance of selective surfaces used in solar collectors for substrate of iron, galvanized iron and aluminum which are commercially available. The coating process for the samples has done in two ways, the electroplating and the chemical spray pyrolysis. The results of the thermal performance test of these samples are comparing with the thermal performance of a sample without paint and other paint with black paint without shines commercially available. For the electroplated samples, the performance study has done for different immersion time in plating bath, the distance between electrical poles, the current density, and area ratio of the sample plated area to the nickel pole face area. The chemical sprayed pyrolysis samples, study has done for different coating times, atomizing gas pressures, distance between the aperture of atomizer and the sample and the paint mass flow rate. The results showed that the best performance of the iron's samples is the sample which is coated with two layers. The first layer is of zinc done by electroplating where the time of plating is (2 min.) and the second layer is of black nickel done by electroplating, where the time is (20 min.), the distance between the poles is (6 cm), the current density is (0.15 A/dm2 ) and area ratio of the sample plated area to the nickel pole face area is equal to (1). The percentage of the increasing in heat storage of electroplating sample to galvanized iron sample without paint at the beginning of testing the performance of samples and at the end were (58.23%& 44.97%) respectively. For aluminum samples, the best performance was regarded for two samples electroplating sample and chemical spray pyrolysis sample. The best electroplating sample was coated with a layer of black nickel where the time of plating is (20 min.), the distance between the poles is (6 cm), the current density is (0.15 A/dm2) and area ratio of the sample plated area to the nickel pole face area is equal to (1). While the best chemical spray pyrolysis sample has been coated with a layer of black nickel where the time of plating is (16 sec.) and the distance between the aperture of the reservoir and the surface of the sample is (27 cm), the amount of flow is (4.8 ml / min.), the atomizing gas pressure is (1 bar) and temperature of the sample surface is (290 0C)

Effect of using Al2O3 / TiO2 hybrid nanofluids on improving the photovoltaic performance

The main purpose of using nanofluids in this study is cooling the photovoltaic panels to obtain the best PV performance, such as increasing the efficiency, lifespan and power output. This study used a 2 wt% Al2O3/TiO2 hybrid nanofluid coolant to determine its effects and evaluate them with those of previous studies that used each of Al2O3 and TiO2 at same concentrations. The system, which has been used in this work, consists of three photovoltaic panels having the same specifications but with different methods of cooling in one-pass flow. The first photovoltaic panel PV-1 was cooled by using 2 wt% Al2O3/TiO2 hybrid nanofluid. The second panel PV-2 was cooled by water only, while the third PV-3 was utilized without cooling. Experiments were carried out at various rates of the flow of cooling fluid ranging from (0.5 L/min) - (3 L/min). Results were compared with the reference panel PV-3. The maximum output powers were (46.6, 45.1 and 41.9 W) for cooling by hybrid nanofluid, water only, and uncooled panel, respectively. That manifested an increasing in the output power by 11.2% in comparison with the uncooled panels. The temperature of hybrid nanofluid increased by (9.6 °C) compared with (8.4 °C) for cooling by water only. After using Al2O3/Tio2 hybrid nanofluid, it resulted in the highest increase (17.6%) in the electrical energy efficiency. The comparison with previous researches demonstrated that the optimum performance was attained while cooling the PV panels by using a 2 wt% hybrid nanofluid

Managing engineering challenges in the design and implementation of eco-friendly residential structures

The planning and execution of eco-friendly housing face technical hurdles, particularly in regions like Jordan. This study aims to address primary obstacles in overseeing eco-friendly residential buildings in Jordan. The research highlights the unique ecological, weather-related, and financial factors impacting these difficulties. Various technical issues throughout the eco-friendly building's life cycle, including site selection, design, energy systems integration, water conservation, and construction methods, are recognized. Furthermore, upgrading existing residences to eco-friendly standards is explored. Drawing from these challenges, the study proposes suggestions for handling technical hindrances in Jordan's eco-friendly housing. Recommendations encompass technological progress, policy frameworks, skill enhancement, and awareness initiatives to advance sustainable construction. By managing these challenges, it's possible to boost environmental efficiency, energy effectiveness, and overall sustainability of residential structures, aligning with Jordan's goals of reducing carbon emissions and promoting an ecologically conscious economy

Using TermoDeck System for Pre-Cooling/ Heating to Control the Building Inside Conditions

In this paper, experimental study has been done for temperature distribution in space conditioned with Ventilation Hollow Core Slab (TermoDeck) system. The experiments were carried out on a model room with dimensions of (1m ×1.2m ×1m) that was built according to a suitable scale factor of (1/4). The temperature distributions was measured by 59 thermocouples fixed in several locations in the test room. Two cases were considered in this work, the first one during unoccupied period at night time (without external load) and the other at day period with external load of 800W/m2 according to solar heat gain calculations during summer season in Iraq. All results confirm the use of TermoDeck system for ventilation and cooling/heating purposes in arid and hot climate for its ease, simple and good comfort performance and to save energy and improve the overall energy performance of the building by reducing the peak load

Experimental Study Using the Passive Solar Chimney for Evaporative Cooling With PCM and CFM as a Thermal Energy Storage

In this work, a test room was built in Baghdad city, with (2*1.5*1.5) m3 in dimensions, while the solar chimneys (SC) were designed with aspect ratio (ar) bigger than 12. Test room was supplied by many solar collectors; vertical single side of air pass with ar equals 25, and tilted 45o double side of air passes with ar equals 50 for each pass, both collectors consist of flat thermal energy storage box collector (TESB) that covered by transparent clear acrylic sheet, third type of collector is array of evacuated tubular collectors with thermosyphon in 45o instelled in the bottom of TESB of vertical SC. The TESB was made from metallic iron sheets as a shell and fuelled by paraffin wax as phase change material (PCM). The PCM supported by copper foam matrix (CFM) to enhance thermal conductivity of wax. When heat is released from TESB to the air, a buoyancy force will be generated in chimney gaps. Then a difference in pressure between inside and outside test room leads to induce the air flow to test room through wet corrugated cellulose pad, where evaporative cooling (EC) occurs. Results of experimental work, that achieved in June, for 12 to24 hour in the test day, refer to effectiveness using EC to decrease the room temperature comparing. The system reduces test room temperature of up to 8.5~9.2 oC in 11:00 am to 3:00 pm and at highest effectiveness of EC, while minimum reduces in temperature of up to 3.5 oC in 8:00pm to 3:00 am. Also, the results showed the affectivity to using the TESB, during the night time for ventilation and EC, with lower effectiveness than from day time. The range of EC effectiveness equals 30.5-37.5 with a natural vent, while The maximum air change per hour (ACH) equals (3.8-6.187), and the maximum mass flow rate is equal to (36.651 kg.hr-1) at experimental evaluation of the system’s discharge coefficient value 0.371

Higher order correction and spectral deconvolution of wavelength-resolved neutron transmission imaging at the CONRAD-2 instrument

This paper uses a Fourier self-deconvolution method for improving the wavelength resolution in transmission experiments at continuous neutron sources utilizing a double-crystal monochromator device to probe as well as correct the generation of higher-order neutron scattering in a monochromatic neutron beam. The cold neutron radiography CONRAD-2 equipment has been utilized to resolve the steel transmission spectra of changing BCC phase and FCC phase fractions. Therefore, both low and high-spectral resolution instruments with equivalent wavelength resolution have been proposed. The primary benefit of Fourier self-deconvolution is its ability to precisely narrow individual bands without modifying their relative position or the total band area. Thus, the resolution of the transmission spectrum has been improved by a factor of 3.16, and the info that the sample material comprises two crystallographic phases has been determined by the wavelength resolution improvement employing the deconvolution approach. Additionally, the slight variation in Bragg edge position for different phase fractions and the locations of the double phase Bragg edges have also been obtained using the ray-tracing simulation tool McStas. The high resolution neutron wavelength selection experiment with the ESS test_beamline (V20) instrument employing the neutron time-of-flight detection demonstrates the precision of the resolving steel Bragg edge