Multiple Exposure and Effects Assessment of Heavy Metals in the Population near Mining Area in South China

<div><p>The objective of this study was to investigate the levels of Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn in the environment and several important food sources grown and consumed in the vicinity of Dabaoshan mine in Southern China, and evaluate potential health risks among local residents. The Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn concentrations of arable soils and well water near the mines exceeded the quality standard values. The concentrations of Cd and Pb in some food crops (rice grain, vegetable and soybean) samples were significantly higher than the maximum permissible level. The Cd and Pb concentrations in half of the chicken and fish meat samples were higher than the national standard. The residents living near Dabaoshan mine had higher Cd and Pb levels in hair than those of a non-exposed population. The intake of rice was identified as a major contributor to the estimated daily intake of these metals by the residents. The hazard index values for adults and children were 10.25 and 11.11, respectively, with most of the estimated risks coming from the intake of home-grown rice and vegetables. This study highlights the importance of multiple pathways in studying health risk assessment of heavy metal exposure in China.</p></div

Comparison of concentrations (mg/kg, mean ± SD) of Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn and their respective Chinese national quality value (dotted line) in garden soil, leafy vegetables, non-leafy vegetables and bean samples from different locations.

<p>The number of samples is 9 for respective garden soil, 3–5 for each vegetable, 15 for respective soybean. For soil and vegetable samples, they were collected from six specific locations, including Shixi (SX), Dongshan (DS), Fandong (FD), Liangqiao (LQ), Shangba (SB) and Xinjiang (XJ). The bean samples were collected from DS and FD villages.</p

Heavy metal concentrations (mg/L, mean ± SD) in well water sampled from three sites near Dabaoshan mine.

a<p>Standards for drinking water quality (GB5749-2006) set by the Ministry of Health of the People’s Republic of China.</p

Bioaccumulation factor (BAF), a ratio of heavy metals concentration in the edible part of rice, leafy vegetables, non-leafy vegetables and soybean to that in the corresponding soil.

<p>Bioaccumulation factor (BAF), a ratio of heavy metals concentration in the edible part of rice, leafy vegetables, non-leafy vegetables and soybean to that in the corresponding soil.</p

Comparison of estimated dietary intake (EDI) and hazard index (HI) of heavy metals in different areas around the world.

<p>Comparison of estimated dietary intake (EDI) and hazard index (HI) of heavy metals in different areas around the world.</p

Box-plot diagram of four elements in hair samples from two villages (Dongshan, DS, Fandong, FD) in the vicinity of Dabaoshan mine and the control area (non-exposed site).

<p>Y-axis is presented in logarithmic scale. The central mark on each box is the median with the edges of the 25th and 75th percentiles.</p

The location of sampling sites in the vicinity of Dabaoshan mine in Guangdong province in South China.

<p>The six sampled villages are Shaxi, Dongshan, Fandong, Liangqiao, Shangba and Xinjiang.</p

Estimated daily intake (EDI, ug/kg bw/d) and target hazard quotient (THQ) for adult and children exposed to contaminants in the vicinity of Dabaoshan mine.

<p>Estimated daily intake (EDI, ug/kg bw/d) and target hazard quotient (THQ) for adult and children exposed to contaminants in the vicinity of Dabaoshan mine.</p

Relative contribution profile of daily human intake.

<p>Relative contribution was derived by dividing the daily intake estimate from a given source by the total daily intake estimate from all of the sources under investigation.</p

Comparison of concentrations (mg/kg, mean ± SD) of Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn and their respective Chinese national quality value (dotted line) in paddy soil, rice grain and chicken muscle samples collected at different localities in the vicinity of Dabaoshan mine.

<p>The number of samples is 9 for respective paddy soil, 8–10 for rice grain, 24 for each group chicken. For soil and rice samples, they were collected from six specific locations, including Shixi (SX), Dongshan (DS), Fandong (FD), Liangqiao (LQ), Shangba (SB) and Xinjiang (XJ). The chicken was fed with rice grain collected from Fandong village.</p