420 research outputs found
Focused ion beam processing to fabricate ohmic contact electrodes on a bismuth nanowire for Hall measurements
Ohmic contact electrodes for four-wire resistance and Hall measurements were fabricated on an individual single-crystal bismuth nanowire encapsulated in a cylindrical quartz template. Focused ion beam processing was utilized to expose the side surfaces of the bismuth nanowire in the template, and carbon and tungsten electrodes were deposited on the bismuth nanowire in situ to achieve electrical contacts. The temperature dependence of the four-wire resistance was successfully measured for the bismuth nanowire, and a difference between the resistivities of the two-wire and four-wire methods was observed. It was concluded that the two-wire method was unsuitable for estimation of the resistivity due to the influence of contact resistance, even if the magnitude of the bismuth nanowire resistance was greater than the kilo-ohm order. Furthermore, Hall measurement of a 4-μm-diameter bismuth microwire was also performed as a trial, and the evaluated temperature dependence of the carrier mobility was in agreement with that for bulk bismuth, which indicates that the carrier mobility was successfully measured using this technique. PACS: 81.07.G
Hadronic decays of in the perturbative QCD approach
We calculate the branching ratios and polarization fractions of the decays in the perturbative QCD(pQCD) approach at leading order, where
() stands for the axial-vector state. By
combining the phenomenological analyses with the perturbative calculations, we
find the following results: (a) the large decay rates around to
of the decays dominated by the longitudinal
polarization(except for the mode) are predicted and
basically consistent with those in the QCD factorization(QCDF) within errors,
which are expected to be tested by the Large Hadron Collider and Belle-II
experiments. The large branching ratio could provide
hints to help explore the mechanism of the color-suppressed decays. (b) the
rather different QCD behaviors between the and mesons result in the
destructive(constructive) contributions in the nonfactorizable spectator
diagrams with emission. Therefore, an interesting pattern of the
branching ratios appears for the color-suppressed and modes in the pQCD approach, , which is different
from in the QCDF and would be verified at future experiments. (c) the
large naive factorization breaking effects are observed in these decays. Specifically, the large nonfactorizable spectator(weak
annihilation) amplitudes contribute to the mode(s), which demand confirmations
via the precise measurements.Comment: 13 pages, 1 figure, 5 tables, revtex fil
Bigradient Phase Referencing
We propose bigradient phase referencing (BPR), a new radio-observation
technique, and report its performance using the Japanese
very-long-baseline-interferometry network (JVN). In this method, a weak source
is detected by phase-referencing using a primary calibrator, in order to play a
role as a secondary calibrator for phase-referencing to a weak target. We will
be given the opportunity to select a calibrator from lots of milli-Jansky
sources, one of which may be located at the position closer to the target. With
such a smaller separation, high-quality phase-referencing can be achieved.
Furthermore, a subsequent more-sophisticated calibration can relocate array's
focus to a hypothetical point much closer to the target; a higher quality of
phase referencing is available. Our demonstrative observations with strong
radio sources have proved the capabilities of BPR in terms of image dynamic
ranges and astrometric reproducibility. The image dynamic range on a target has
been improved with a factor of about six compared to that of normal
phase-referencing; the resultant position difference of target's emission
between two epochs was only 62+-50 micro-arcsecond, even with less than 2300-km
baselines at 8.4 GHz and fast-switching of a target-calibrator pair of a
2.1-degree separation.Comment: 10 pages, 4 figures, accepted for publication in PAS
ワガクニ ニ オケル チテキ ショウガイシャ オヨビ ハッタツ ショウガイシャ ノ コウドウ モンダイ ニ カカワル チョウサ ケンキュウ ノ ドウコウ ト カダイ シエン タイセイ ヤ カイニュウ ホウホウ オ チュウシン ニ
他害や自傷などの行動問題を示す知的障害者や発達障害者への支援体制や介入方法が報告されている.本稿では,2013年3月までに発表され,行動問題を示す知的障害者や発達障害者への支援体制や介入方法を示唆した調査研究の成果を概観し,今後の課題について考察した.調査研究は,「学校」「幼稚園・保育所」「福祉施設」の3つの場面で実施されており,2003年以降では,発達障害者を対象とした研究が中心となっていた.また,支援体制や介入方法は,「対象者への働きかけ」「職場全体での取り組み」「関係機関・関係者との連携」の3つの観点に整理をすることができた.今後の研究課題として,①行動問題を示す知的障害者への支援体制や介入方法についての調査研究の実施,②「対象者への働きかけ」「職場全体での取り組み」「関係機関・関係者との連携」の3つの観点に関わる調査項目の開発,③支援体制や介入方法の成果までを含めた調査研究の必要性を示唆した
Variable Gain Type PID Control Using PSO for Ultrasonic Motor
Ultrasonic motor exhibits non-linearity that relates the input (Phase difference) and output (Velocity). It also causes serious characteristic changes during operation. PID control has been widely used as the design scheme for USM. However, it is difficult for the conventional PID control to compensate such characteristic changes of the plant and non-linearity. To overcome this problem, we propose a variable gain type PID control in which PID gains are optimized using a particle swarm optimization (PSO)
- …