Neuromuscular systems in the fifth instar larva of silkworm Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae): II- Abdominal musculature and its innervation

The gross organisation of abdominal musculature and its innervation by segmental ganglionic nerves were studied in the fifth instar larva of Bombyx mori. The musculature comprises dorsal, ventral and lateral groups of muscles, represented as external and internal layers. The dorsal group includes musculi dorsales interni mediales (DIM), musculi dorsales externi mediales (DEM), musculi dorsales interni laterals (DIL) and musculi dorsales externi laterales (DEL). The ventral group includes musculi ventrales interni mediales (VIM), musculi ventralesexterni mediales (VEM), musculi ventrales interni laterales (VIL) and musculi ventrales externi laterales (VEL). The lateral group is represented by musculi laterales interni (LI) and musculi laterales externi (LE). The abdominal muscles are innervated by the dorsal (DN) and ventral (VN) nerves of abdominal ganglia. The DN innervates ventral internal, lateral internal and both dorsal external and internal muscles, while the VN innervates ventral external and lateral muscles. The sensory branches of DN and VN innervate the bodywall in the dorsal and ventral regions respectively with a sort of overlapping in the lateral region. The neuromuscular integration and intersegmental coordination in the abdominal region is discussed with reference to locomotion in the silkworm larva

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF THERMO HYDRO DYNAMIC PLAIN JOURNAL BEARING BY USING FSI TOOL

Journal bearings have the longest history of scientific study of any class of fluid film bearings. In a fluid film bearing, the pressure in the oil film satisfies the Reynolds equation which intern is a function of film thickness. Structural distortion of the housing and the development of thermo hydrodynamic pressure in a full journal bearing are strongly coupled thus require a combined solution.Oil film pressure is one of the key operating parameters describing the operating conditions in thermo hydrodynamic journal bearings. Thermo hydrodynamic journal bearings are analyzed by using Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and fluid structure interaction (FSI) approach in order to find deformation of the bearing.In this thesis journal bearings for different L/D ratios and eccentricity ratios are modeled in 3D modeling software Pro/Engineer. The L/D ratios considered are 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and eccentricity ratios considered are 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 and 0.9. Journal bearing models are developed for speed of 2000 rpm to study the interaction between the fluid and elastic behavior of the bearing. The speed is the input for CFD analysis and the pressure obtained from the CFD analysis is taken as input for structural analysis.Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and fluid structure interaction (FSI) is done in Ansys

Neuromuscular systems in the fifth instar larva of silkworm Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae): I-Cephalothoracic musculature and its innervation

The cephalo-thoracic musculature of the fifth instar larva of Bombyx mori comprises distinct groups of segmental muscle bands arranged in a stereotyped pattern. It includes dorsal, ventral, tergopleural, tergocoxal, lateral intersegmental, pleurosternal, sternocoxal, pleurocoxal and spiracular muscles. The cephalothoracic segments are innervated by the nerves of brain, suboesophageal ganglion (SG) and three thoracic ganglia (TG1, TG2, TG3).The brain gives nerves for compound eyes, antennae, labrum, frontal ganglion and the integument in the head. The SG, TG1,TG2,and TG3 give out a pair of lateral segmental nerves each, called the dorsal (DN) and ventral (VN) nerves. The DN of SG innervates muscles in the cephalic region, while its VN innervates muscles in the prothorax. The DN of thoracic ganglia innervates muscles in the dorsal, lateral and ventral regions of the hemi-segment while the VN innervates muscles in the ventral region. The innervation pattern indicates the presence of mixed nerves and multiple innervations that facilitate coordinated body movements and locomotion

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