The pattern of terminal branching of the lingual nerve.

<p>The pattern of terminal branching of the lingual nerve.</p

Mean horizontal and vertical distances of lingual nerve from the third molar bone crest.

<p>Mean horizontal and vertical distances of lingual nerve from the third molar bone crest.</p

The mean distance between the lingual nerve and the 2 anatomical landmarks.

<p>The mean distance between the lingual nerve and the 2 anatomical landmarks.</p

The location where the looping of the lingual nerve over the submandibular duct ended.

<p>The location where the looping of the lingual nerve over the submandibular duct ended.</p

The diagram illustrates the measuring of the extent of overlap between the lingual nerve and the submandibular duct (distance a-b).

<p>The diagram illustrates the measuring of the extent of overlap between the lingual nerve and the submandibular duct (distance a-b).</p

Therapeutic potential of culinary-medicinal mushrooms for the management of neurodegenerative diseases: diversity, metabolite, and mechanism

<div><p></p><p>Mushrooms have long been used not only as food but also for the treatment of various ailments. Although at its infancy, accumulated evidence suggested that culinary-medicinal mushrooms may play an important role in the prevention of many age-associated neurological dysfunctions, including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. Therefore, efforts have been devoted to a search for more mushroom species that may improve memory and cognition functions. Such mushrooms include <i>Hericium erinaceus, Ganoderma lucidum, Sarcodon</i> spp., <i>Antrodia camphorata, Pleurotus giganteus, Lignosus rhinocerotis, Grifola frondosa</i>, and many more. Here, we review over 20 different brain-improving culinary-medicinal mushrooms and at least 80 different bioactive secondary metabolites isolated from them. The mushrooms (either extracts from basidiocarps/mycelia or isolated compounds) reduced beta amyloid-induced neurotoxicity and had anti-acetylcholinesterase, neurite outgrowth stimulation, nerve growth factor (NGF) synthesis, neuroprotective, antioxidant, and anti-(neuro)inflammatory effects. The <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> studies on the molecular mechanisms responsible for the bioactive effects of mushrooms are also discussed. Mushrooms can be considered as useful therapeutic agents in the management and/or treatment of neurodegeneration diseases. However, this review focuses on <i>in vitro</i> evidence and clinical trials with humans are needed.</p></div