A Modified T-Test for Football Referees to Test Agility, Quickness and Sprint Performances

The football referees perform many actions as jogging, running, sprinting, side steps and backward steps during a football match. Further, the football referees change match activities every 5-6 seconds. Many tests are being conducted to determine the physical levels and competences of football referees like 50 m running, 200 m running, 12 minutes Cooper test, 6 × 40 m etc. All of these tests include straight runnings dominantly. However, the football is not completely full of straight runnings. Quickness, turning skills and changing direction speed namely agility is the crucial for referees to maintain well positioning during match. For this reason, we have modified the classical T-Test for referees by addition side steps, quick turnings and backward steps to test agility skills and their speed. And we compared the T-Test scores with 10 meters and 30 meters sprint tests scores of 74 male referees (Ankara, Turkey) who regularly participating in trainings and regularly refereeing in matches. All referees performed 10 meters and 30 meters sprint tests twice and we recorded the best sprint times. The referees performed the T-Test one time. All three tests have shown normal distribution frequencies. Our results showed a significant corelation between all of three tests; 10 meters and 30 meters (r = 0,660; P < 0,01), 10 meters and T-Test (r= 0,226; P < 0,01), 30 meters and T-Test (r= 0,269; P < 0,01). These results showed that, T-Test scores will be usable to determine 10 meters and 30 meters sprint level of the referees and additionally, T-Test could also give information about levels of other crutial skills for referees as agility. In conclusion, our data showed that the modified T-Test for referees could be used for testing each of the running speed and agility skills of the soccer referees

Effects of Passive and active Rest on Physiological Responses and Time Motion Characteristics in Different Small Sided Soccer Games

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of resting regimes on physiological responses and time motion characteristics between bouts during small sided games (SSGs) in young soccer players. Sixteen players (average age 16.87 ± 0.34 years; body height 176.69 ± 3.21 cm; body mass 62.40 ± 2.59 kg; training experience 3.75 ± 0.44 years) performed four bouts 2-a-side, 3-a-side and 4-a-side games with three minutes active (SSGar: Running at 70% of HRmax) and passive (SSGpr) rest between bouts at two-day intervals. The heart rate (HR) along with total distance covered in different speed zones - walking (W, 0-6.9 km·h-1), low-intensity running (LIR, 7.0-12.9 km·h-1), moderate-intensity running (MIR, 13.0-17.9 km·h-1) and high-intensity running (HIR, >18km·h-1), were monitored during all SSGs, whereas the rating of perceived exertion (RPE, CR-20) and venous blood lactate (La-) were determined at the end of the last bout of each SSG. The results demonstrated that all SSGpr elicited significantly higher physiological responses compared to SSGar in terms of the RPE and La- (p < 0.05). In addition, 2-a-side SSGpr induced significantly lower %HRmax responses and total distance covered than 2-a-side SSGar (p < 0.05). Moreover, the distance covered at HIR was significantly higher in 4-a-side SSGar than 4-side SSGpr. The results of this study indicate that both SSGs with passive and active rest can be used for soccer specific aerobic endurance training. Furthermore, all SSGs with active recovery should be performed in order to increase players and teams' performance capacity for subsequent bouts. © 2017 Editorial Committee of Journal of Human Kinetics 2017

Motion Characteristics in Different Small Sided Soccer Games

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of resting regimes on physiological responses and time motion characteristics between bouts during small sided games (SSGs) in young soccer players. Sixteen players (average age 16.87 +/- 0.34 years; body height 176.69 +/- 3.21 cm; body mass 62.40 +/- 2.59 kg; training experience 3.75 +/- 0.44 years) performed four bouts 2-a-side, 3-a-side and 4-a-side games with three minutes active (SSGar: Running at 70% of HRmax) and passive (SSGpr) rest between bouts at two-day intervals. The heart rate (HR) along with total distance covered in different speed zones -walking (W, 0-6.9 km.h-1), low-intensity running (LIR, 7.0-12.9 km.h-1), moderate-intensity running (MIR, 13.0-17.9 km.h-1) and high-intensity running (HIR, >18km.h-1), were monitored during all SSGs, whereas the rating of perceived exertion (RPE, CR-20) and venous blood lactate (La-) were determined at the end of the last bout of each SSG. The results demonstrated that all SSGpr elicited significantly higher physiological responses compared to SSGar in terms of the RPE and La-(p < 0.05). In addition, 2-a-side SSGpr induced significantly lower % HRmax responses and total distance covered than 2-a-side SSGar (p < 0.05). Moreover, the distance covered at HIR was significantly higher in 4-a-side SSGar than 4-side SSGpr. The results of this study indicate that both SSGs with passive and active rest can be used for soccer specific aerobic endurance training. Furthermore, all SSGs with active recovery should be performed in order to increase players and teams' performance capacity for subsequent bouts

Motion Characteristics in Different Small Sided Soccer Games

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of resting regimes on physiological responses and time motion characteristics between bouts during small sided games (SSGs) in young soccer players. Sixteen players (average age 16.87 +/- 0.34 years; body height 176.69 +/- 3.21 cm; body mass 62.40 +/- 2.59 kg; training experience 3.75 +/- 0.44 years) performed four bouts 2-a-side, 3-a-side and 4-a-side games with three minutes active (SSGar: Running at 70% of HRmax) and passive (SSGpr) rest between bouts at two-day intervals. The heart rate (HR) along with total distance covered in different speed zones -walking (W, 0-6.9 km.h-1), low-intensity running (LIR, 7.0-12.9 km.h-1), moderate-intensity running (MIR, 13.0-17.9 km.h-1) and high-intensity running (HIR, >18km.h-1), were monitored during all SSGs, whereas the rating of perceived exertion (RPE, CR-20) and venous blood lactate (La-) were determined at the end of the last bout of each SSG. The results demonstrated that all SSGpr elicited significantly higher physiological responses compared to SSGar in terms of the RPE and La-(p < 0.05). In addition, 2-a-side SSGpr induced significantly lower % HRmax responses and total distance covered than 2-a-side SSGar (p < 0.05). Moreover, the distance covered at HIR was significantly higher in 4-a-side SSGar than 4-side SSGpr. The results of this study indicate that both SSGs with passive and active rest can be used for soccer specific aerobic endurance training. Furthermore, all SSGs with active recovery should be performed in order to increase players and teams' performance capacity for subsequent bouts

Effects of Passive and Active Rest on Physiological Responses and Time Motion Characteristics in Different Small Sided Soccer Games.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of resting regimes on physiological responses and time motion characteristics between bouts during small sided games (SSGs) in young soccer players. Sixteen players (average age 16.87 ± 0.34 years; body height 176.69 ± 3.21 cm; body mass 62.40 ± 2.59 kg; training experience 3.75 ± 0.44 years) performed four bouts 2-a-side, 3-a-side and 4-a-side games with three minutes active (SSGar: Running at 70% of HRmax) and passive (SSGpr) rest between bouts at two-day intervals. The heart rate (HR) along with total distance covered in different speed zones - walking (W, 0-6.9 km·h-1), low-intensity running (LIR, 7.0-12.9 km·h-1), moderate-intensity running (MIR, 13.0-17.9 km·h-1) and high-intensity running (HIR, >18km·h-1), were monitored during all SSGs, whereas the rating of perceived exertion (RPE, CR-20) and venous blood lactate (La-) were determined at the end of the last bout of each SSG. The results demonstrated that all SSGpr elicited significantly higher physiological responses compared to SSGar in terms of the RPE and La- (p < 0.05). In addition, 2-a-side SSGpr induced significantly lower %HRmax responses and total distance covered than 2-a-side SSGar (p < 0.05). Moreover, the distance covered at HIR was significantly higher in 4-a-side SSGar than 4-side SSGpr. The results of this study indicate that both SSGs with passive and active rest can be used for soccer specific aerobic endurance training. Furthermore, all SSGs with active recovery should be performed in order to increase players and teams' performance capacity for subsequent bouts