Hypoglycemia in Patients with Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus Nephropathy

Objective: To find out the frequency of hypoglycemia in Type-2 Diabetics having nephropathy Methodology: This cross-sectional observational study was carried out in Medical Teaching Institute Khyber Teaching Hospital. Department of Medicine, from August 21, 2020, to January 21, 2021. Two-hundred and eighty-one (281) patients with Type 2 diabetic nephropathy were observed in due course and were subjected to detailed history and examination. A sample of 5 ml venous blood was obtained from the patients to measure blood glucose levels to detect hypoglycemia. Experienced pathologists analyzed all investigations. Results: The mean ± Standard deviation (SD) of age in this study was 60± 10.26 years. Female patients outnumbered males in this study. Hypoglycemia was reported in 21% of patients while 79% did not have hypoglycemia. Conclusion: Type-2 diabetics having nephropathy are prone to hypoglycemia. These patients should be carefully observed for clinical and biochemical features of hypoglycemia

Solar driven photocatalytic degradation potential of novel graphitic carbon nitride based nano zero-valent iron doped bismuth ferrite ternary composite

The synthetic industry has destroyed the life span of human beings due to environmental pollution. The discharged organic pollutants can be degraded by many physicochemical techniques, among them the heterogeneous photocatalysis is distinctive. Nano zero-valent iron (NZVI) doped bismuth ferrite (BiFeO3) nanoparticles were composited with g-C3N4 to fabricate ternary NZVI@BiFeO3/g-C3N4 semiconductor photocatalyst. The facile fabrication was achieved through the hydrothermal approach. The characterization techniques such as X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared and Scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive X-ray was used. The analysis confirmed the successful fabrication of the photocatalysts. The energy bandgaps of the prepared photocatalysts were measured by the Tauc plot method using a UV–visible spectrophotometer. The energy bandgap values suggest that the insertion of g-C3N4 improves the optical response of catalysts under visible light. The NZVI@BiFeO3/g-C3N4 was employed against Rhodamine B dye for photocatalytic oxidative degradation under sunlight radiations. The influencing parameters like pH, NZVI@BiFeO3/g-C3N4 concentration, oxidant dose, reaction time were optimized to obtain the best-suited conditions. Under optimized conditions (i.e. pH = 9, NZVI@BiFeO3/g-C3N4 = 10 mg/100 mL, oxidant = 18 mM, Time = 120 min) the g-C3N4 based composite photocatalyst showed ~97% oxidative degradation of Rhodamine B. Response surface methodology was used as a statistical tool to check the combinational effect of influencing parameters