Cytokine Profiles in Peruvian Pinnipeds and Their Relationships with Environmental Stressors

Large colonies of two vulnerable, sympatric pinniped species, Peruvian fur seals (Arctocephalus australis Peruvian subpopulation; PFS) and South American sea lions (Otaria byronia; SASL), reside and reproduce in Punta San Juan, Peru (PSJ) where they are exposed to stressors such as environmental contaminants and El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. Cytokine concentrations can be indicative of an animal’s health and immune function by allowing for immunoresponse characterization as Th1 or Th2 dominant. Utilizing an archived pinniped plasma collection of samples from 2009-2019 (n=148), 13 cytokines were analyzed in PFS and SASL: GM-CSF, IFN-γ, KC-like, MCP-1, TNF-α, IL-2, IL-6, IL-7, IL8, IL-10, IL-15, IL-18, and IP-10. Significant differences were found between sex in SASL for IFN-γ, IL-6, and KC-like; no significant differences were found between sexes in PFS. Analysis of PFS dam/pup pairs revealed an upregulated Th2 response in pups compared to dams. While no statistically significant relationships between cytokines and extreme ENSO events (sea surface temperature anomaly \u3e ±1º C) were found, comparisons of Th1/Th2 ratios displayed trends toward upregulated Th2 responses during El Niño conditions and upregulated Th1 responses during La Niña conditions. Fifteen trace element concentrations in serum from these same pinnipeds revealed significant relationships between various cytokines and Al, As, Cr, Co, Cu, Hg, Ni, Se, and V. These results indicate a potential immunotoxic response by the immune system of PFS and SASL to these element concentrations

Sea Robin (Prionotus carolinus) Neurocranium

Neurocranium from 7.7cm total length (TL) Sea Robin (Prionotus carolinus), collected from a preserved mixed-fishes set from Carolina Biological Supply Compan

Cytokine Data for Cytokine Profile Assessment from Peruvian Pinniped (Arctocephalus australis and Otaria byronia) Plasma

Large colonies of two vulnerable, sympatric pinniped species, Peruvian fur seals (Arctocephalus australis Peruvian subpopulation; PFS) and South American sea lions (Otaria byronia; SASL), reside and reproduce in Punta San Juan, Peru (PSJ) where they are exposed to stressors such as contaminants and El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. The use of cytokines as immune biomarkers can be indicative of an animal’s health and function by allowing for the assessment of an individual\u27s cytokine balance as type I helper T cells (Th1) or type II helper T cells (Th2) dominant. Utilizing archived pinniped plasma samples from 2009-2019 (n=148), 13 cytokines (GM-CSF, IFN-γ, KC-like, MCP-1, TNF-α, IL-2, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-15, IL-18, and IP-10) were analyzed in PFS and SASL. All cytokines, except for IP-10, were detected in at least one individual of each species. Significant differences were found between sex in SASL for IFN-γ, IL-6, and KC-like, which suggested differences in immune system functioning and/or development between sexes. Significant differences between species were found as PFS females displayed higher concentrations of Th2 cytokines (IL-6 and IL-10) than SASL females, and SASL males displayed higher concentrations of KC-like than PFS males. Cytokine analysis of PFS dam/pup pairs revealed an upregulated Th2 response in pups compared to dams, consistent with the immature immune system characteristics of newborn mammals. While no statistically significant relationships between cytokines and ENSO events were observed, comparisons of Th1/Th2 ratios displayed trends toward upregulated Th2 responses during El Niño conditions. This study shows differing cytokine profiles between sexes, age class, and species in Peruvian pinnipeds, as well as potential Th1/Th2 differences related to ENSO conditions, which may impact their ability to combat extracellular pathogens during stressful El Niño periods