Penentu ketidakpadanan pekerjaan dalam kalangan graduan: Kajian kes pekerja perkeranian di Lahore, Pakistan

Job mismatch among graduates reflects inefficiencies in the labor market. An imbalance between the demand and supply of graduates in the labor market leads to a horizontal mismatch. Nations make progress based on knowledge and education but despite obtaining higher education individuals are unable to find a job related to their field of study. This phenomenon occurs when educational institutes produce a large number of graduates while on the other hand, the supply of graduates exceeds the demand for graduates. This study aims to find out the determinants of horizontal mismatch and to analyze the reasons why workers have accepted the mismatched job. By using the worker’s self-assessment method required data is collected from the clerical workers of public and private sector universities at Lahore in 2019. These universities include the University of the Punjab, Lahore, and the University of Management and Technology, Lahore. Results of Logistic Regression analysis concluded that cost of job search, asymmetric information, and methods used to find a job are the most important determinants of job-mismatch. This study has also analyzed the reasons why workers have accepted their present mismatched job. Findings concluded that individuals accepted mismatched-job due to pay and promotion opportunities and a good working environment. This study suggested establishing linkages between educational institutes and industries to better formulate the policy that reduces the extent of horizontal mismatch.Ketidakpadanan pekerjaan mencerminkan ketidakcekapan dalam pasaran buruh. Ketidakseimbangan antara permintaan dan penawaran graduan dalam pasaran buruh membawa kepada ketidakpadanan mendatar. Negara maju berdasarkan pengetahuan dan Pendidikan tetapi walaupun memperoleh Pendidikan tinggi individu tidak dapat mencari pekerjaan yang berkaitan dengan bidang pengajian mereka. Fenomena ini berlaku apabila institut pendidikan mengeluarkan sejumlah besar graduan tetapi pasaran buruh tidak dapat menyerapnya dengan cekap kerana keterbatasan pekerjaan yang tersedia. Matlamat kajian ini adalah untuk mengetahuif aktor-faktor penentu ketidakpadanan mendatar dan menganalisis sebab-sebab pekerja telah menerima pekerjaan tidak sepadan. Dengan menggunakan kaedah penilaian kendiri pekerja, data yang diperlukan dikumpulkan daripada pekerjaper keranian universiti awam dan swasta di Lahore pada 2019. Universiti yang disasarkan termasuk Universiti Punjab, Lahore dan Universiti Pengurusan dan Teknologi. Keputusan analisis Regresi Logistik menunjukkan bahawa kos pencarian kerja, maklumat asimetri dan kaedah yang digunakan untuk mencari pekerjaan adalah penentu paling penting ketidakpadanan kerja. Kajian ini juga menganalisis sebab-sebab pekerja telah menerima pekerjaan mereka sekarang jika kerja itu tidak berkaitan dengan bidang pengajian mereka. Sebab-sebabini termasuk: disebabkan peluang gaji dan kenaikan pangkat, persekitaran kerja yang baik, lokasi pejabat, sekatan keluarga, perubahan minat kerjaya. Pekerjaan yang berkaitan dengan bidang pengajian tidak tersedia. Dapatan menyimpulkan bahawa individu menerima pekerjaan tidak sepadan kerana peluang gaji dan kenaikan pangkat serta persekitaran kerja yang baik. Kajian mencadangkan bahawa mesti ada hubungan yang kuku hantara institut pendidikan dan industri untuk merumuskan dasar yang lebih baik yang mengurangkan tahap ketidakpadanan mendatar

Role of anterior decompression with internal fixation in dorsal spine tuberculosis

This observational study was conducted in the Department of Neurosurgery Lady Reading HospitalPeshawar from July 2010 to June 2012 (2 years).There were 38 patients with dorsal spine tuberculosis who underwent anterior decompression and fusion using anterior spinal instrumentation and allograft replacement. We included those patients in our study, who undergone anterior decompression with internal fixation for dorsal spine tuberculosis, of both genders irrespective of their age. We excluded those patients who were unfit for surgery, treated conservatively, involved spine other than dorsal spine or undergone procedure other than anterior approach for Carrie’s spine.Clinical outcome of the patients was assessed using the frankle grade. The patients were observed for post-operative complications, neurological improvement and bony fusion

Surgical Outcome of Posteriour Fossa Tumors in Children

Posterior fossa tumors are most common in children than adults accounting for 54 to 70% of all childhood brain tumours. Out of them 30% are brain stem tumors. Most common posterior fossa tumors are Medulloblastoma, Astrocytoma, Ependymoma, and Brain Stem tumours. While dermoid, epidermoide and teratoma are the rare tumours. All focal and Cystic brain stem tumors in posterior fossa show better results with redical surgery than more diffused tumours that had stereotactic biopsy. Key words:  Posterior Fossa Tumors

Effectiveness of foreign aid in the light of millennium development goal on the education sector: a case study of Pakistan

Aid recipient developing countries have remained stagnant and they are becoming more aid dependent after receiving large amount of aid from developed countries. This reality provokes vigorous debate on the effectiveness of aid. This study analyzes the effectiveness of aid in the education sector of Pakistan during the period 1973-2008.This study focuses on the second Millennium Development goal, which attributes to achieve universal primary education. We estimate econometric model to test the short run and long run relationship between foreign aid and gross primary enrollment in the education sector of Pakistan. For this purpose, Augumented Dickey Fuller test, Johansen Likelihood Ratio test and Vector Error Correction Methods are used. The results show that foreign aid has significantly increased primary school enrollment in Pakistan. The results proved the short run as well as long run relationship between foreign aid and primary school enrollment

Management of Hydrocephalus in Posterior Fossa Tumors in Children. An Experience of 30 Cases at Govt: Lady Reading Hospital Department of Neurosurgery, Peshawar

Treatment of hydrocephalus in posterior fossa tumors in children is debatable issue especially in developing countries like Pakistan where the patients present very late. It depends upon the clinical presentations of patients and duration of hydrocephalus. In this regard hospital records of all children with posterior fossa tumors treated in our center during 2005-2008 were reviewed. Patient’s demographic and diagnostic data were analyzed. Chai square test was applied to compare the frequencies of post operative complications in various groups. In our series of 30 patients, 15 were male and 15 were female with equal male to female ratio 1:1. Ten patients with hydrocephalus were treated with External ventricular drain (EVD) per-operative while fifteen patients were treated with pre-operative VP shunt. Five patients did not have any treatment for hydrocephalus. It was proved that in our setup, pre-operative shunting is the best way of management of hydrocephalus in posterior fossa tumors

Impact of corporate governance on firm performance: a case of Pakistan stock exchange

This study investigates the impact of Corporate Governance on Firm Performance. The corporate governance has been operationalized through eight indicators including the Board Size, Ownership Structure, CEO Duality, Independence of Audit Committee, Firm Size, Firm Age, Firm Leverage, and Firm Growth, while the Firm performance has been factored into Return on Assets, and Return on Equity. Pakistan stock exchange has been used as the unit of analysis, taking 100 public listed firms from the non-financial sector, as the sample. Data around the study variables have been collected and analyzed for a period of 10 years, i.e., 2013-2022, using suitable statistical tools. The findings reveal that lean board size, moderate leverage, CEOs serving on various boards, high independence on audit committees, large firm size, young firms, and sustainable growth positively impact the firm performance. High leverage has been found to have an adverse impact on firms’ profitability, especially in the wake of high interbank offered rates. These findings are important the practitioners, corporate regulators, and researchers. Future studies are recommended to take more indicators from the corporate governance index into account for understanding their impact on firm performance

Effectiveness of foreign aid in the light of millennium development goal on the health sector: a case study of Pakistan

Most of the developing countries are becoming more aid dependent with the passage of time. This bleak reality provokes debate on aid effectiveness. This paper analyzes the effectiveness of aid on the health sector of Pakistan over the period 1973-2008. The study focuses on the health sector in the light of Millennium Development Goal; reducing child mortality. We estimate an econometric model to test the short and long run relationship between foreign aid and infant mortality rate in the health sector. In this context, different tests i.e. Augumented Dickey Fuller test, Johansen Likelihood Ratio test and Vector Error Correction Method are used. The results indicate that there is short run and long run relationship between foreign aid and infant mortality rate. The results show that one percent increase in foreign aid will decrease the infant mortality rate by 0.4 percent. This study suggests that an increase aid in this sector will result in better health conditions

Effect of consanguinity on birth weight for gestational age in a developing country.

Consanguinity, the marriage between relatives, has been associated with adverse child health outcomes because it increases homozygosity of recessive alleles. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of consanguinity on the birth weight of newborns in Greater Beirut, Lebanon. Cross-sectional data were collected on 10,289 consecutive liveborn singleton newborns admitted to eight hospitals belonging to the National Collaborative Perinatal Neonatal Network during the years 2000 and 2001. Birth weight was modeled by use of the fetal growth ratio, defined as the ratio of the observed birth weight to the median birth weight for gestational age. A mixed-effect multiple linear regression model was used to predict the net effect of first- and second-cousin marriage on the birth weight for gestational age, accounting for within-hospital clustering of data. After controlling for medical and sociodemographic covariates, the authors found a statistically significant negative association between consanguinity and birth weight at each gestational age. No significant difference was observed in the decrease in birth weight between the first- and second-cousin marriages. Overall, consanguinity was associated with a decrease in birth weight for gestational age by 1.8% (beta = -0.018, 95% confidence interval: -0.027, -0.008). The largest effects on fetal growth were seen with lower parity and smoking during pregnancy