Local Protest and Resistance to the Rupert Diversion Project, Northern Quebec

This article examines various political strategies employed by Nemaska Crees in northern Quebec to defend their land and way of life against the EM-1-A& Rupert Diversion Project. Notwithstanding the regional Cree leadership’s endorsement of the project and the ambivalence of the majority of the local community toward the project, a local resistance group composed of committed individuals from the Nemaska Cree community demonstrated a remarkable capacity to engage in a range of political strategies to voice their opposition to the hydroelectric expansion project. Although construction of the project is now underway, our findings affirm the role and significance of individuals and organizations operating at the local level in articulating and framing efforts to enhance local empowerment and governance and respond to the ecological degradation imposed by large-scale industrial development on the “local.”Le présent article examine diverses stratégies politiques employées par les Cris de Nemaska du nord du Québec dans le but de défendre leur territoire et leur mode de vie contre le Projet de l’Eastmain-1-A-Rupert. Nonobstant l’appui des chefs cris régionaux et l’ambivalence de la majorité de la communauté locale à l’égard de ce projet, un groupe de résistance local composé de particuliers dévoués de la communauté crie de Nemaska a démontré une capacité remarquable à adopter diverses stratégies politiques afin de communiquer son opposition au projet d’agrandissement hydroélectrique. Bien que les travaux de construction soient déjà en cours, nos observations ont pour effet d’affirmer le rôle et l’importance des particuliers et des organisations à l’échelle locale quand vient le temps d’articuler et d’encadrer des efforts pour renforcer l’autonomie et la gouvernance locales et réagir à la dégradation écologique découlant de la mise en valeur industrielle à grande échelle pour les gens de la région

Social-ecological resilience in indigenous coastal edge contexts

Cultural edges, as sites of encounter and interaction between two or more cultural groups, tend to result in increased access to knowledge, skills, and material goods. First proposed more than a decade ago as an elaboration of the ecological edge concept, we suggest that cultural edges merit closer attention, particularly in relation to the complex histories and diverse processes of interaction indigenous communities have had with outsiders, including settlers and other indigenous groups. Our analysis is focused on the coastal Cree Nation of Wemindji, Eeyou Istchee, northern Québec (Canada) where multiple ecological and cultural edges have provided increased access to harvesting resources as well as expanded opportunities for social interaction and partnerships, knowledge and technology transfer, and economic diversification. As the locus within indigenous social-ecological systems where strategies for resistance and adaptation to disturbance and change are applied, including active enhancement of edge benefits, the concept of edges contributes to our understanding of the social, cultural, and ecological processes that shape indigenous territories and contribute to enhanced social-ecological resilience

Tracking the History of Protected Areas in Chile: Territorialization Strategies and Shifting State Rationalities

While the history of Chile’s protected areas (PA) has been documented in relation to the overall development and distribution of PAs over time, and their contribution to the goal of ecosystem protection, limited consideration has been given to the larger social and political context of PA development. This paper attempts to address this by investigating the connections between PA creation and aspirations to extend state-level control over territory. We focus in particular on the rationalities and practices of state-led territorialization that have occurred through the creation and expansion of PAs. We provide a history of evolving state justifications for putting aside land as PAs. Our findings suggest that while the prevailing discourses have shifted over time, the fundamental project has remained the same: extending and elaborating state control of territory. We do not analyze the effects on indigenous people, but their dispossession and marginalization is clearly implicated in the process of PA creation in Chile. Resumen La historia de las áreas protegidas (APs) en Chile ha sido documentada en relación a su distribución y extensión como también a su contribución al objetivo de protección ecosistémica. Escasa atención se ha prestado al contexto social y político del desarrollo de las AP. Basándonos en el concepto de territorialización, exploramos las conexiones entre la creación de áreas protegidas (AP) y las aspiraciones del Estado chileno de afirmar la soberanía geopolítica sobre territorios. Nos centramos en particular en las racionalidades y prácticas cambiantes de la territorialización dirigida por el Estado que se produjo a través de la creación y expansión de las AP. Nuestras conclusiones, basadas principalmente en la investigación de archivos y documentos, sugieren que, si bien los discursos imperantes han cambiado con el tiempo, el proyecto fundamental ha seguido siendo el mismo: ampliar y elaborar el control estatal del territorio. Nuestro análisis también revela que el estado no siempre fue hegemónico y con control sobre la expansion y el manejo de las AP. De hecho, las razones cambiantes y evolutivas del Estado chileno apuntan a una falta de capacidad y a la consiguiente debilidad de sus esfuerzos de territorialización. Key words: protected areas, national parks, Chile, territorialization, political ecology, environmental history, conservation policie

Securing a Future: Cree Hunters' Resistance and Flexibility to Environmental Changes, Wemindji, James Bay

Accounts of the adaptive responses of northern aboriginal peoples include examples of purposive modification and management of ecologically favorable areas to increase resource productivity. Practices include clearing of trees, burning of berry patches and construction of fish weirs. This paper examines the adaptive capacity of the northern aboriginal community of Wemindji, east coast James Bay, in relation to long term landscape changes induced by coastal uplift processes. Associated changes are noticeable within a human lifetime and include the infilling of bays, the merger of islands with the mainland, as well as shifts in vegetative and wildlife communities. In response, generations of Cree hunters have actively modified the landscape using a variety of practices that include the construction of mud dykes and the cutting of tuuhiikaan, which are corridors in the coastal forest, to retain and enhance desirable conditions for goose hunting. We provide an account of the history, construction, and design of these features as well as the motivations and social learning that inform them. We reveal a complex and underappreciated dynamic between human resistance and adaptation to environmental change. While landscape modifications are motivated by a desire to increase resource productivity and predictability, they also reflect an intergenerational commitment to the maintenance of established hunting places as important connections with the past. Our findings support a revised perspective on aboriginal human agency in northern landscape modification and an enhanced role for aboriginal communities in adaptive planning for environmental change

Phase 2 trial of the DPP-1 inhibitor brensocatib in bronchiectasis

Background: Patients with bronchiectasis have frequent exacerbations that are thought to be related to neutrophilic inflammation. The activity and quantity of neutrophil serine proteases, including neutrophil elastase, are increased in the sputum of patients with bronchiectasis at baseline and increase further during exacerbations. Brensocatib (INS1007) is an oral reversible inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase 1 (DPP-1), an enzyme responsible for the activation of neutrophil serine proteases. Methods: In a phase 2, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, we randomly assigned, in a 1:1:1 ratio, patients with bronchiectasis who had had at least two exacerbations in the previous year to receive placebo, 10 mg of brensocatib, or 25 mg of brensocatib once daily for 24 weeks. The time to the first exacerbation (primary end point), the rate of exacerbations (secondary end point), sputum neutrophil elastase activity, and safety were assessed. Results: Of 256 patients, 87 were assigned to receive placebo, 82 to receive 10 mg of brensocatib, and 87 to receive 25 mg of brensocatib. The 25th percentile of the time to the first exacerbation was 67 days in the placebo group, 134 days in the 10-mg brensocatib group, and 96 days in the 25-mg brensocatib group. Brensocatib treatment prolonged the time to the first exacerbation as compared with placebo (P = 0.03 for 10-mg brensocatib vs. placebo; P = 0.04 for 25-mg brensocatib vs. placebo). The adjusted hazard ratio for exacerbation in the comparison of brensocatib with placebo was 0.58 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.35 to 0.95) in the 10-mg group (P = 0.03) and 0.62 (95% CI, 0.38 to 0.99) in the 25-mg group (P = 0.046). The incidence-rate ratio was 0.64 (95% CI, 0.42 to 0.98) in the 10-mg group, as compared with placebo (P = 0.04), and 0.75 (95% CI, 0.50 to 1.13) in the 25-mg group, as compared with placebo (P = 0.17). With both brensocatib doses, sputum neutrophil elastase activity was reduced from baseline over the 24-week treatment period. The incidence of dental and skin adverse events of special interest was higher with the 10-mg and 25-mg brensocatib doses, respectively, than with placebo. Conclusions: In this 24-week trial, reduction of neutrophil serine protease activity with brensocatib in patients with bronchiectasis was associated with improvements in bronchiectasis clinical outcomes