10 research outputs found

    Association of viral diversity with colony size and <i>Varroa</i>.

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    <p><b>A</b>. Colony size (the number of frames of bees) was not affected by viral diversity (the number of viruses in a colony), H(2) = 2.74, p = 0.254. <b>B</b>. However, colonies with different number of viruses had significantly different numbers of <i>Varroa</i> (H(2) = 13.10; p = 0.0014). Colonies with 1 or 2 viruses had significantly higher <i>Varroa</i> loads than colonies that had no viruses (p<0.05, Wilcoxon pairwise tests, different letters denote significant differences). The number of colonies in each group is indicated at the bottom of each bar. <i>Varroa</i> counts were converted to logarithmic scale.</p

    Association of <i>Varroa</i> infestation with elevation and colony size.

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    <p><b>A</b>. Levels of <i>Varroa</i> mites were positively correlated with elevation, with colonies at higher elevations having significantly higher average numbers of <i>Varroa</i> (r(53) = 0.44, p = 0.001). <b>B</b>. Levels were also positively correlated with colony size ((48) = 0.35, p = 0.013). <i>Varroa</i> counts were converted to logarithmic scale.</p

    Primers used for molecular analysis for identification of bee populations, pathogens and parasites.

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    <p>Abbreviations: Israeli acute paralysis virus (IAPV), acute bee paralysis virus (ABPV), black queen cell virus, (BQCV), chronic bee paralysis virus (CBPV), deformed wing virus (DWV), kashmir bee virus (KBV), and sacbrood virus (SBV). References: Arias MC and WS Sheppard WS (1996) <i>Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution</i> 5: 557–566; Benjeddou et al. (2001) <i>Applied and Environmental Microbiol</i>ogy 67:2384–2387; Chen et al. (2005) <i>Applied and Environmental Microbiol</i>ogy 71(1):436–441; Di Prisco et. al. (2011) <i>Journal of General Virology</i> 92: 151–15; Klee et al. (2007). Journal of Invertabrate Pathology 96: 1–10. Ribiere et al. (2002) <i>Apidologie</i> 33: 339–351; Stoltz et al. (1995) <i>Journal of Apicultural Research</i> 34: 153–160.</p

    Geographic location of surveyed apiaries.

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    <p>Twenty-four apiaries were surveyed throughout Kenya with an additional three apiaries (25–27), see supplemenatry material, surveyed for ecological effects on colony health. The location and numerical designation of the apiaries is indicated on the map.</p
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