Complications of female sterilization procedure: review over a decade at district tertiary care hospital

Background: Female sterilization is the most requested permanent contraceptive method worldwide and one of the most frequently performed elective, intra-abdominal surgical procedure in reproductive-age women. Even though considered as simple and safe procedure, complications do occur including death.Methods: The primary objective of the following study is to determine the demographic patterns of women presenting as sterilization complications and secondary is to evaluate possible etiological factors leading to complications and lay standard guidelines to reduce complication rate.Results: Over a decade, 103 cases of female sterilization related complications were documented, out of 14 cases (13.6%) were of laparoscopic tubal ligation and rest 89 were minilaparotomy (86.4%). In 3 cases tubal ligation was not performed as surgeon was not able to either open peritoneal cavity or find fallopian tubes due to adhesions (2.91%). In 70 cases (67.96%) sterilization were performed in primary health centre (PHC). Four patients (3.88%) required hospital stay of more than a month with longest stay being 43 days. Exploratory laparotomy with surgical intervention was done in 34 cases (33%). Two patients (1.94%) died due to tubectomy complications due to septicemia and encephalitis.Conclusions: Female sterilization is very popular and commonly performed permanent method of sterilization but complications can happen and many of them are preventable with proper screening and selection of cases with proper evaluation before surgery. There is a need to have proper training in sterilization and to stick to standards of sterilization procedure to minimize chances of complications

EFFECT OF PITHECELLOBIUM DULCE BENTH LEAVES IN DEXAMETHASONE INDUCED DIABETIC RATS

Objective: The objective of the present study was to study the effect of Pithecellobium dulce Benth (P. dulce) leaves in dexamethasone-induced diabetic rats.Methods: The authenticated P. dulce leaves were collected from a local area of Sangli, Maharashtra. The leaves of the plant were extracted with water and ethanol by maceration and soxhelation respectively. Acute toxicity studies of the both extracts were performed using rat and according to OECD 425 guidelines. The dose of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg was selected for further studies. The albino rats were divided into seven groups with five animals in each group. The diabetes was induced by dexamethasone (10 mg/kg, s. c.) and treated with extract and standard drug for 10 d. Then blood glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol and glycogen level in liver, muscle and kidney were estimated according to standard procedures.Results: The study revealed that P. dulce at 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg showed significant (p Ë‚ 0.05) antidiabetic activity. All the extract treated groups showed a significant reduction in blood glucose level on 11th day when compared to diabetic control group. The significant increase in blood glucose, triglyceride, and total cholesterol level was observed in the diabetic control group when compared to normal control group. The liver and muscle glycogen level was decreased significantly (p Ë‚ 0.05) in the diabetic control group.Conclusion: It can be concluded that P. dulceaqueous and ethanolic extract at two different doses (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg) possesses antidiabetic and hypolipidemic activity.Â

Should reduction of increased short-term blood pressure variability be a target of antihypertensive therapy?

It has long been known that blood pressure (BP) is characterized by marked short-term fluctuations occurring within a 24-h period and also by long-term oscillations occurring over more prolonged periods of time. An increased short-term blood pressure variability (BPV) appears to importantly contribute to target organ damage and to the enhanced cardiovascular risk of hypertensive patients, over and above the effect of an increase in mean BP levels. Reducing 24-h mean BP is the main aim of antihypertensive therapy, but initial data are available that additional cardiovascular protection can be achieved by reducing BPV. However, to definitively prove the prognostic role of short-term BPV and the need for its control by treatment, evidence is still needed from intervention trials aimed at demonstrating that by reducing BPV through administration of antihypertensive drugs, a reduction in organ damage and in the rate of cardiovascular events can be obtained

Epigenetics: Pharmacology and Modification Mechanisms Involved in Cardiac, Hepatic and Renal Disease

For a long time scientists have tried to describe disorders are due to genetic as well as environmental factors. In the past few years, revolution in technology that has made it possible to decipher the human genome. Epigenetics explains the capability gene expression regulation without modifying the genetic sequence. Epigenetic mechanisms are rooted changes in molecules, or nuclear characteristics that can alter gene expression without altering the sequences of DNA, i.e. DNA methylation, histone modification, and non-coding RNAs. Learning of the fundamental epigenetic modification allowing gene expression as well as cellular phenotype are advanced that novel insights into the epigenetic control of cardiovascular disease, hepatic disease, as well as chronic kidney disease are now emerging. From a half of century ago, in human disease the role of epigenetics has been considered. This subject has attracted many interests in the past decade, especially in complicated diseases like cardiovascular disease, hepatic disease as well as chronic kidney disease. This review first illustrates the history and classification of epigenetic modifications and the factors (i.e. genetic, environment, dietary, thought process and lifestyle) affecting to the epigenetics mechanisms. Likewise, the epigenetics role in human diseases is think out by targeting on some diseases and at the end, we have given the future perspective of this field. This review article provides concepts with some examples to describe a broad view of distinct aspects of epigenetics in biology and human diseases. Keywords: - Epigenetics, DNA methylation, Histone modifications, microRNAs and Gene expression and Disease

Glucagon-like peptide-2 modulates neurally evoked mucosal chloride secretion in guinea pig small intestine in vitro

Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) is an important neuroendocrine peptide in intestinal physiology. It influences digestion, absorption, epithelial growth, motility, and blood flow. We studied involvement of GLP-2 in intestinal mucosal secretory behavior. Submucosal-mucosal preparations from guinea pig ileum were mounted in Ussing chambers for measurement of shortcircuit current (Isc) as a surrogate for chloride secretion. GLP-2 action on neuronal release of acetylcholine was determined with ELISA. Enteric neuronal expression of the GLP-2 receptor (GLP-2R) was studied with immunohistochemical methods. Application of GLP-2 (0.1–100 nM) to the serosal or mucosal side of the preparations evoked no change in baseline Isc and did not alter transepithelial ionic conductance. Transmural electrical field stimulation (EFS) evoked characteristic biphasic increases in Isc, with an initially rapid rising phase followed by a sustained phase. Application of GLP-2 reduced the EFS-evoked biphasic responses in a concentration-dependent manner. The GLP-2R antagonist GLP-2-(3-33) significantly reversed suppression of the EFS-evoked responses by GLP-2. Tetrodotoxin, scopolamine, and hexamethonium, but not vasoactive intestinal peptide type 1 receptor (VPAC1) antagonist abolished or reduced to near zero the EFS-evoked responses. GLP-2 suppressed EFS-evoked acetylcholine release as measured by ELISA. Pretreatment with GLP-2- (3-33) offset this action of GLP-2. In the submucosal plexus, GLP-2R immunoreactivity (-IR) was expressed in choline acetyltransferase-IR neurons, somatostatin-IR neurons, neuropeptide Y-IR neurons, and vasoactive intestinal peptide-IR neurons. We conclude that submucosal neurons in the guinea pig ileum express GLP-2R. Activation of GLP-2R decreases neuronally evoked epithelial chloride secretion by suppressing acetylcholine release from secretomotor neurons

CLINICIAN-PATIENT RELATIONSHIP AND ADHERENCE TO TREATMENT

PATIENT'S ADHERENCE TO TREATMENT IS STRONGLY RELATED TO CLINICIAN'S ABILITY.ROLE OF EMPATHY, OF COMMUNICATION'S SKILLS ARE NOT INVESTIGATED ENOUGH, EVEN IF ACCORDING TO PATIENT'S OPINION THESE ABILITY ARE MORE IMPORTANT OF TECHNICAL SKILLS

Role of cholinergic neurons in the motor effects of glucagon-like peptide-2 in mouse colon.

Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) reduces mouse gastric tone and small intestine transit, but its action on large intestine motility is still unknown. The purposes of the present study were 1) to examine the influence of GLP-2 on spontaneous mechanical activity and on neurally evoked responses, by recording intraluminal pressure from mouse isolated colonic segments; 2) to characterize GLP-2 mechanism of action; and 3) to determine the distribution of GLP-2 receptor (GLP-2R) in the mouse colonic muscle coat by immunohistochemistry. Exogenous GLP-2 (0.1\u2013 300 nM) induced a concentration-dependent reduction of the spontaneous mechanical activity, which was abolished by the desensitization of GLP-2 receptor or by tetrodotoxin, a voltage-dependent Na+-channel blocker. GLP-2 inhibitory effect was not affected by Nomega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor), apamin (a blocker of small conductance Ca2+-dependent K+ channels), or [Lys1,Pro2,5,Arg3,4,Tyr6]VIP7\u201328 (a VIP receptor antagonist), but it was prevented by atropine or pertussis toxin (PTX), a Gi/o protein inhibitor. Proximal colon responses to electrical field stimulation were characterized by nitrergic relaxation, which was followed by cholinergic contraction. GLP-2 reduced only the cholinergic evoked contractions. This effect was almost abolished by GLP-2 receptor desensitization or PTX. GLP-2 failed to affect the contractile responses to exogenous carbachol. GLP-2R immunoreactivity (IR) was detected only in the neuronal cells of both plexuses of the colonic muscle coat. More than 50% of myenteric GLP-2R-IR neurons shared the choline acetyltransferase IR. In conclusion, the activation of GLP-2R located on cholinergic neurons may modulate negatively the colonic spontaneous and electrically evoked contractions through inhibition of acetylcholine release. The effect is mediated by Gi protein

Addition of some non-indigenous elements to the flora of Marathwada regions, Maharashtra, India.

During our field survey, many taxa were collected from the Marathwada region. Specimens were brought to laboratory and processed for herbarium specimens with standard procedures. Majority of the specimens satisfactory identified by using pertinent literature. After critical investigations, authors found that six taxa are not earlier reported from the region. So present paper deals new records of six species with its correct and updated citation, short description and note on its phenology is depicted for each taxon followed by a note on ecology and images of all for easy identification

Survey on Mobile WiMAX- Technical Overview

Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), is a wireless communications technology aiming to provide wireless data over long distances in a variety of ways as an alternative to cable and DSL, from point-to-point links to full mobile cellular type access. It is based on the IEEE 802.16 standard.  The goal of this deliverable is to provide an overview of the functionality and a description of the WiMAX network architecture. We also evaluate the special features of the WiMAX technology, such as the improved coverage in Non Line Of Sight (NLOS) environments, in order to examine the applicability of well-known localization techniques. Some of the advanced features such as adaptive antenna systems (AAS) which can significantly improve the performance are discussed. The performance will enable transparency of quality of service (QoS) between Mobile WiMAX and broadband wired services such as Cable and DSL. The scalable architecture, high data throughput and low cost deployment make Mobile WiMAX a leading solution for wireless broadband services. Due to “friendly ecosystem†hundreds of companies have contributed to the development of the technology. Finally, we investigate the characteristics of WiMAX technology

Costus pictus D.Don.ex Lindl. new records to flora of Maharashtra, India.

During the field survey in Paithan Tehshil of Aurangabad District some Specimens were collected and identified Costus pictus D.Don ex Lindl which was not recorded for Flora of Maharashtra so far. This paper records them with updated nomenclature, descriptions and note on phenology and Images for its easy identity