Jardines secos. En torno a los jardines en zonas áridas

At the current bioclimatic change and shortage of water in which are located some geographical areas, it has become essential reprogram and project a lot of green areas in general and private use. For ages, these have been planned on a garden scheme not appropriate to local conditions. In general, it is discussed the concept of “grass” as a fundamental surface and unifying of the urban landscape. This implies reprogram the concept of “garden” and use of itself, even in many situations may result difficult for the user to understand, and others situations such as in California is the only solution by law. For many people, the problem does not prevail until they realized the high maintenance expenses, and in the case of public areas, these end up in a state of total abandonment as a result of the lack of maintenance. It is relevant to become more aware about the problem, as well as understand that there are solutions too. The crucial thing, as in everything, is study the problem, the economic environment, and the accessible budget to do the best project with balanced costs and benefits to all the community, not only a user.Con el actual cambio bioclimático y la escasez de agua en que se encuentran algunas zonas geográficas, se ha vuelto indispensable reprogramar y proyectar muchas áreas verdes de uso común y privadas. Por años, estas han sido concebidas bajo un esquema de jardín no adecuado a las realidades locales. En general, se habla del concepto de césped como superficie fundamental y unificadora del paisaje urbano. Esto implica reprogramar un concepto de jardín y uso del mismo, que en muchos casos puede resultar difícil de hacer entender al usuario, y, en otros casos como en California es, por ley, la única solución.  Para muchos, el problema no subsiste hasta que se dan cuenta de los elevados costos de mantenimiento, y en el caso de áreas públicas, como la falta de mantenimiento, lleva a las mismas a un estado de abandono total. Es importante concienciar sobre el problema, así como hacer entender que existen soluciones. Lo importante, como en todo, es estudiar el problema, el medio, y qué presupuesto se dispone para poder hacer el mejor proyecto, con costos y beneficios equilibrados, no solo para un usuario sino para una comunidad.&nbsp

Grafting alters tomato transcriptome and enhances tolerance to an airborne virus infection

Grafting of commercial tomato varieties and hybrids on the tomato ecotype Manduria resulted in high levels of tolerance to the infection of Sw5 resistance-breaking strains of tomato spotted wilt virus and of severe cucumber mosaic virus strains supporting hypervirulent satellite RNAs that co-determine stunting and necrotic phenotypes in tomato. To decipher the basis of such tolerance, here we used a RNAseq analysis to study the transcriptome profiles of the Manduria ecotype and of the susceptible variety UC82, and of their graft combinations, exposed or not to infection of the potato virus Y recombinant strain PVYC-to. The analysis identified graft- and virus-responsive mRNAs differentially expressed in UC82 and Manduria, which led to an overall suitable level of tolerance to viral infection confirmed by the appearance of a recovery phenotype in Manduria and in all graft combinations. The transcriptome analysis suggested that graft wounding and viral infection had diverging effects on tomato transcriptome and that the Manduria ecotype was less responsive than the UC82 to both graft wounding and potyviral infection. We propose that the differential response to the two types of stress could account for the tolerance to viral infection observed in the Manduria ecotype as well as in the susceptible tomato variety UC82 self-grafted or grafted on the Manduria ecotype

Validité, Fiabilité et proprieties psychometriques de la version italienne de l’interview CECA (Childhood Experiences of Care and Abuse Interview)

International audienceIn questo articolo sono presentate le procedure di validazione e le caratteristiche psicometriche della versione italiana dell’intervista Childhood Experience of Care and Abuse (CECA; Bifulco et al. 1994). La CECA è un’intervista retrospettiva semistrutturata, somministrabile a partire dai 16 anni di età, che misura le esperienze vissute nell’infanzia e nell’adolescenza. La CECA risulta particolarmente nota nella letteratura internazionale, dove è considerata il criterio gold standard per la rilevazione delle esperienze di cura e di abuso vissute in età infantile e adolescenziale: essa viene comunemente utilizzata nella pratica psicologica e psichiatrica, oltre che nella ricerca clinica e psicosociale. Per verificare validità, attendibilità e caratteristiche psicometriche della versione italiana della CECA, dopo l’adattamento linguistico l’intervista è stata somministrata a 100 soggetti appartenenti alla popolazione normale italiana di età compresa tra i 19 e i 50 anni. Le analisi statistiche effettuate su questo gruppo hanno dimostrato che la versione italiana della CECA è altamente attendibile, con un grado di accordo tra valutatori misurata attraverso K di Cohen che va da 0,66 a 1, e coefficienti di correlazione intraclasse (ICC) per le scale ordinali compresi tra 0,85 e 0,94. Le analisi statistiche hanno altresì dimostrato una buona validità di costrutto: i valori di associazione tra le scale della CECA risultano significativi, e l’analisi fattoriale esplorativa (EFA) ha evidenziato una struttura bifattoriale per le scale relative alla mancanza di cure e all’abuso che risulta fortemente coerente con il costrutto indagato e che spiega oltre il 57% della varianza campionaria. La validità convergente della versione italiana della CECA è dimostrata dalle associazioni significative tra le scale della CECA e le scale del Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI; Parker et al 1979). Ulteriori indicatori positivi di validità convergente, concorrente e predittiva, coerenti con quelli riscontrati nella validazione originale inglese dello strumento, sono discussi nell’articolo. La versione italiana della CECA risulta dunque uno strumento valido e affidabile, basato su rilevazioni sensibili e specifiche per il contesto evolutivo e le esperienze di cura ricevute nell’infanzia, che può essere utilizzato proficuamente in contesti clinici e di ricerca.[:en]This article presents the validation and test for psychometric properties of the Italian version of the Childhood Experience of Care and Abuse interview (CECA; Bifulco et al. 1994). The CECA interview is a retrospective semi-structured interview, administered to adults and adolescents above age 16, that measures adverse experiences in childhood and adolescence. The CECA is well known in the international literature, where it is considered the “gold standard” for investigating the experiences of care and abuse in childhood and adolescence: it is commonly used within psychological and psychiatric practice, as well as in clinical and psychosocial research. To test the validity, the reliability and the psychometric properties of the Italian version of the CECA, after its translation and linguistic validation, the CECA was administered to 100 respondents aged between 19 and 50 years old from an Italian community sample. Statistical analyses show that the Italian version of the CECA is high on inter-rater reliability with a Cohen’s K agreement of 0.66 to 1, and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) ranging from .85 to .94. Statistical analyses also confirmed CECA’s construct validity: statistically significant associations were found between related CECA scales, and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) revealed a bifactorial structure for the scales on lack of care versus abuse, consistent with the investigated construct and explaining over 57% of the sample variance. The convergent validity of the Italian version of the CECA was demonstrated through the presence of significant associations between the CECA scales and the Parental Bonding Instrument scales (PBI; Parker et al. 1979). Other positive indicators of convergent, concurrent and predictive validity are discussed in the article consistent with the original UK validation. In summary, the Italian version of the CECA is a valid and reliable instrument, with the requisite sensitivity and specificity for investigating adverse developmental environments and the experiences of care during childhood: it can be profitably used in clinical and research settings.[: