Interaction of Ritonavir-Boosted Tipranavir with Loperamide Does Not Result in Loperamide-Associated Neurologic Side Effects in Healthy Volunteers

Loperamide (LOP) is a peripherally acting opioid receptor agonist used for the management of chronic diarrhea through the reduction of gut motility. The lack of central opioid effects is partly due to the efflux activity of the multidrug resistance transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) at the blood-brain barrier. The protease inhibitors are substrates for P-gp and have the potential to cause increased LOP levels in the brain. Because protease inhibitors, including tipranavir (TPV), are often associated with diarrhea, they are commonly used in combination with LOP. The level of respiratory depression, the level of pupil constriction, the pharmacokinetics, and the safety of LOP alone compared with those of LOP-ritonavir (RTV), LOP-TPV, and LOP-TPV-RTV were evaluated in a randomized, open-label, parallel-group study with 24 healthy human immunodeficiency virus type 1-negative adults. Respiratory depression was assessed by determination of the ventilatory response to carbon dioxide. Tipranavir-containing regimens (LOP-TPV and LOP-TPV-RTV) caused decreases in the area under the concentration-time curve from time zero to infinity for LOP (51% and 63% decreases, respectively) and its metabolite (72% and 77% decreases, respectively), whereas RTV caused increases in the levels of exposure of LOP (121% increase) and its metabolite (44% increase). In vitro and in vivo data suggest that TPV is a substrate for and an inducer of P-gp activity. The respiratory response to LOP in combination with TPV and/or RTV was not different from that to LOP alone. There was no evidence that LOP had opioid effects in the central nervous system, as measured indirectly by CO(2) response curves and pupillary response in the presence of TPV and/or RTV

Five-Year Safety Evaluation of Maraviroc in HIV-1-Infected Treatment-Experienced Patients

Background: Maraviroc is unique among approved antiretroviral drugs in targeting the host-cell chemokine coreceptor type-5 receptor. With its novel mechanism of action, we sought to describe the 5-year safety profile of maraviroc. Methods: Two large phase 3 studies of maraviroc enrolled HIV-infected treatment-experienced patients and followed them up for 5 or more years. Survival and selected clinical end points were identified and assessed. Results: A total of 938 enrolled patients received maraviroc-containing regimens. Rates of death and selected clinical events (eg, hepatic failure, malignancy, and myocardial infarction) were low during follow-up. Conclusions: Maraviroc was generally safe in treatment-experienced participants for >5 years

Efficacy and safety of Maraviroc vs. Efavirenz in treatment-naive patients with HIV-1: 5-year findings

Objective: Maraviroc, a chemokine co-receptor type 5 (CCR5) antagonist, has demonstrated comparable efficacy and safety to efavirenz, each in combination with zidovudine/lamivudine, over 96 weeks in the Maraviroc vs. Efavirenz Regimens as Initial Therapy (MERIT) study. Here we report 5-year findings. Design: A randomized, double-blind, multicenter phase IIb/III study with an open-label extension phase. Methods: Treatment-naive patients with CCR5-tropic HIV-1 infection (Trofile) received maraviroc 300mg twice daily or efavirenz 600mg once daily, and zidovudine/lamivudine 300 mg/150mg twice daily. After the last patient's week 96 visit, the study was unblinded and patients could enter a nominal 3-year open-label phase. Endpoints at the 5-year nominal visit (week 240) included proportion of patients (CCR5 tropism reconfirmed by enhanced sensitivity Trofile) with viral load (plasma HIV-1 RNA) below 50 and 400 copies/ml, and change from baseline in CD4+ cell count, as well as safety. Results: The proportion of patients maintaining viral load below 50 copies/ml was similar between treatment arms throughout the study and at week 240 (maraviroc 50.8% vs. efavirenz 45.9%). Maraviroc-treated patients had a greater increase from baseline in mean CD4+ cell count than efavirenz-treated patients at week 240 (293 vs. 271 cells/?l, respectively). Fewer patients on maraviroc vs. efavirenz experienced treatment-related adverse events (68.9 vs. 81.7%) and discontinued as a result of any adverse event (10.6 vs. 21.3%). Conclusion: Maraviroc maintained similar long-term antiviral efficacy to efavirenz over 5 years in treatment-naive patients with CCR5-tropic HIV-1. Maraviroc was generally well tolerated with no unexpected safety findings or evidence of long-term safety concerns. 2014 Wolters Kluwer HealthSCOPUS: ar.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Hepatic safety in subjects with HIV-1 and hepatitis C and/or B virus: a randomized, double-blind study of maraviroc versus placebo in combination with antiretroviral agents

Background: One of the more clinically relevant co-morbidities in HIV-infected patients is the development of progressive liver disease due to hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV). In addition, hepatotoxicity has been observed with prolonged use of antiretroviral agents. Objective: To evaluate the hepatic safety of maraviroc in combination with other antiretroviral agents in HIV-1-infected subjects co-infected with HCV and/or HBV. Methods: In this 148-week randomized, double-blind, placebo- controlled, multicentre study (NCT01327547), subjects received maraviroc twice daily (n=70) or placebo (n=67) in combination with other antiretroviral agents. Primary endpoint: the percentage at week 48 of subjects with Grade 3 and Grade 4 ALT abnormalities, defined as > 5 x upper limit of normal (ULN) if baseline ALT 3.5 x baseline if baseline ALT > ULN in the maraviroc versus the placebo arm. Results: At week 48, one subject in each group had met the primary endpoint definition. No subjects met protocol-defined liver stopping criteria and there were no cases of Hy's law or treatment-related hepatobiliary serious adverse events. No significant difference in change from baseline in enhanced liver fibrosis or hepatic elastography was observed between groups. Treatment-related hepatobiliary adverse events were reported in one and two subjects receiving maraviroc and placebo, respectively; discontinuations due to treatment-related AEs occurred in four and two subjects receiving maraviroc and placebo, respectively; two deaths were reported in the placebo group. Conclusions: The use of maraviroc does not increase hepatotoxicity in HIV-1-infected subjects co-infected with HCV and/or HBV through 48 weeks of treatment

Hepatic safety in subjects with HIV-1 and hepatitis C and/or B virus: a randomized, double-blind study of maraviroc versus placebo in combination with antiretroviral agents.

BackgroundOne of the more clinically relevant co-morbidities in HIV-infected patients is the development of progressive liver disease due to hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV). In addition, hepatotoxicity has been observed with prolonged use of antiretroviral agents.ObjectiveTo evaluate the hepatic safety of maraviroc in combination with other antiretroviral agents in HIV-1-infected subjects co-infected with HCV and/or HBV.MethodsIn this 148-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre study (NCT01327547), subjects received maraviroc twice daily (n = 70) or placebo (n = 67) in combination with other antiretroviral agents.Primary endpointthe percentage at week 48 of subjects with Grade 3 and Grade 4 ALT abnormalities, defined as >5 ×  upper limit of normal (ULN) if baseline ALT ≤ ULN or >3.5 ×  baseline if baseline ALT>ULN in the maraviroc versus the placebo arm.ResultsAt week 48, one subject in each group had met the primary endpoint definition. No subjects met protocol-defined liver stopping criteria and there were no cases of Hy's law or treatment-related hepatobiliary serious adverse events. No significant difference in change from baseline in enhanced liver fibrosis or hepatic elastography was observed between groups. Treatment-related hepatobiliary adverse events were reported in one and two subjects receiving maraviroc and placebo, respectively; discontinuations due to treatment-related AEs occurred in four and two subjects receiving maraviroc and placebo, respectively; two deaths were reported in the placebo group.ConclusionsThe use of maraviroc does not increase hepatotoxicity in HIV-1-infected subjects co-infected with HCV and/or HBV through 48 weeks of treatment

Five-Year Safety Evaluation of Maraviroc in HIV-1–Infected Treatment-Experienced Patients

BACKGROUND: Maraviroc is unique among approved antiretroviral drugs in targeting the host-cell chemokine coreceptor type-5 receptor. With its novel mechanism of action, we sought to describe the 5-year safety profile of maraviroc. METHODS: Two large phase 3 studies of maraviroc enrolled HIV-infected treatment-experienced patients and followed them up for 5 or more years. Survival and selected clinical end points were identified and assessed. RESULTS: A total of 938 enrolled patients received maraviroc-containing regimens. Rates of death and selected clinical events (eg, hepatic failure, malignancy, and myocardial infarction) were low during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Maraviroc was generally safe in treatment-experienced participants for >5 years

Efficacy of the Protease Inhibitors Tipranavir plus Ritonavir in Treatment-Experienced Patients: 24-Week Analysis from the RESIST-1 Trial

Background . Improved treatment options are needed for patients infected with multidrug-resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). The nonpeptidic protease inhibitor tipranavir has demonstrated antiviral activity against many protease inhibitor-resistant HIV-1 isolates. The Randomized Evaluation of Strategic Intervention in multi-drug reSistant patients with Tipranavir (RESIST-1) trial is an ongoing, open-label study comparing the efficacy and safety of ritonavir-boosted tipranavir (TPV/r) with an investigator-selected ritonavir-boosted comparator protease inhibitor (CPI/r) in treatment-experienced, HIV-1-infected patients. Methods . Six hundred twenty antiretroviral-experienced patients were treated at 125 sites in North America and Australia. Before randomization, all patients underwent genotypic resistance testing, which investigators used to select a CPI/r and an optimized background regimen. Patients were randomized to receive TPV/r or CPI/r and were stratified on the basis of preselected protease inhibitor and enfuvirtide use. Treatment response was defined as a confirmed reduction in the HIV-1 load of ⩾1 log10 less than the baseline level without treatment change at week 24. Results . Mean baseline HIV-1 loads and CD4+ cell counts were 4.74 log10 copies/mL and 164 cells/mm3, respectively. At week 24, a total of 41.5% of patients in the TPV/r arm and 22.3% in the CPI/r arm had a ⩾1-log10 reduction in the HIV-1 load (intent-to-treat population; P < .0001). Mean increases in the CD4+ cell count of 54 and 24 cells/mm3 occurred in the TPV/r and CPI/r groups, respectively. Adverse events were slightly more common in the TPV/r group and included diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting. Elevations in alanine and aspartate aminotransferase levels and in cholesterol/triglyceride levels were more frequent in the TPV/r group. Conclusions . TPV/r demonstrated superior antiviral activity, compared with investigator-selected, ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitors, at week 24 in treatment-experienced patients with multidrug-resistant HIV-1 infection